Object orientated programming

Understanding Object Oriented Programming

The concept of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) revolves around the idea of creating classes and objects. These concepts are fundamental to OOP and help create a structure that is both clear and modular. Unlike procedural programming, where the focus is primarily on functions, OOP focuses on objects, making it easier to manage large programs and deal with complex systems. In OOP, a class acts as a blueprint for creating objects. It defines the properties (attributes) and behaviors (methods) that the instantiated objects will have. An object, on the other hand, is an instance of a class, representing a specific example with real data.

OOP has multiple advantages, especially in software development. Some of the key benefits include:

• Encapsulation: Bundling the data (attributes) and methods (functions) that manipulate the data into a single unit.
• Abstraction: Hiding complex implementation details and showing only what is necessary for the object interaction.
• Inheritance: Allowing classes to inherit properties and behaviors from other classes, promoting reuse.
• Polymorphism: Enabling objects to be interacted with through a common interface, allowing each object to respond in its own way.

What is Object Oriented Programming?

Object Oriented Programming (OOP) is a software design approach that emphasizes organizing software around objects, rather than actions and logic. Objects can be seen as the primary building blocks, and they represent both data and behaviors that define a system.

Core Principles of Object Oriented Programming

Understanding OOP is key to modern software development. Let's delve into the four main principles that underpin OOP:

• Encapsulation: This principle entails wrapping data and the methods operating on the data within a single unit known as the object. Encapsulation helps in protecting the internal state of an object from unwanted interference and misuse.
• Abstraction: Abstraction means presenting only the necessary details and hiding complex details. This is achieved by using classes to create blueprints for objects, focusing on what an object does rather than how it does it.
• Inheritance: Inheritance allows a new class, known as a subclass, to inherit properties and behaviors from an existing class, called a superclass. This promotes code reuse and a hierarchical classification.
• Polymorphism: This feature allows one interface to be used for a general class of actions. The specific action is determined by the exact nature of the situation. Thus, classes can define multiple behaviors while sharing a common interface.

 class Dog:     def __init__(self, breed, age):        self.breed = breed        self.age = age     def bark(self):        return 'Woof!' 

Object Oriented Programming Concepts

Object Oriented Programming (OOP) is a fundamental programming paradigm used extensively in modern software development. It uses objects to model real-world entities and their relationships, focusing on making code modular and reusable.

Encapsulation in Object Oriented Programming

Encapsulation is one of the core principles of OOP. It involves bundling data (attributes) and the methods (functions) that operate on this data into a single unit, known as an object. This allows you to control access to the internal state of an object and safeguard it from unintended interference. Encapsulation is achieved using access modifiers such as private, protected, and public, which define the visibility of class members.Encapsulation helps in reducing complexity and increases reusability in a segment of code. Through encapsulation, you can hide the internal representation of an object and only expose what is necessary and safe.

 class BankAccount:     def __init__(self):        self.__balance = 0     def deposit(self, amount):        if amount > 0:           self.__balance += amount     def withdraw(self, amount):        if amount <= self.__balance:           self.__balance -= amount 

Polymorphism in Object Oriented Programming

Polymorphism enables objects to be treated as instances of their parent class, allowing methods to perform differently under various contexts. The concept primarily revolves around having multiple forms, and in OOP, it usually refers to functions or methods. You can have two types of polymorphism: compile-time (method overloading) and runtime (method overriding).Method overriding allows a child class to provide a specific implementation of a method already defined in its parent class. It enables a uniform interface while maintaining unique behaviours for each subclass.

 class Animal:     def speak(self):        return 'Some sound'  class Dog(Animal):     def speak(self):        return 'Woof'  class Cat(Animal):     def speak(self):        return 'Meow' 

Inheritance in Object Oriented Programming

Inheritance is a mechanism that allows a new class, referred to as a child or subclass, to inherit the properties and methods of an existing class, known as the parent or superclass. This feature promotes the reusability of code and establishes a natural hierarchical relationship between classes.Inheritance typifies an 'is-a' relationship. For example, if there exists a class `Vehicle`, a class `Car` can inherit from it, suggesting that a car 'is-a' type of vehicle. The child class inherits attributes and behavior but can also possess its own unique properties and behaviors.

 class Vehicle:     def drive(self):        return 'Driving'  class Car(Vehicle):     def park(self):        return 'Parking'