Operating Systems

Definition and Purpose of Operating Systems

Operating systems have several duties, managing your hardware and software resources such as RAM, hard drive, and CPU. Among its responsibilities, it ensures that each application gets what it needs to run effectively, keeps your files and folders in order, and efficiently manages the available memory. The main goal of an operating system includes providing a reliable, convenient, and cost-effective environment for you. Alongside this, an operating system is responsible for booting up your computer, managing your applications by allocating them the resources they need, and ensuring everything runs smoothly.

Primary Functions of Operating Systems

The primary functions of an operating system can be divided into five categories:

• Process Management
• Memory Management
• File Systems Management
• Device Management
• Security and Privacy

Process management

This involves managing every process that the system hardware executes. The OS decides the order in which processes are performed, prioritizing them based on variables like efficiency and necessity.

Memory management

The operating system oversees your computer's memory, allocating space to processes when they run and deallocating them when they halt. Your computer's memory is a critical resource, and keeping it organized is key to maintaining your system's performance.

File systems management

The OS also manages your data files. It uses a systematic way to store, arrange, and retrieve files and data. Furthermore, it keeps track of all the data, ensuring that it doesn't get lost or overwritten accidentally.

Device management

An operating system manages all input, output, and storage devices. The system ensures that your devices run as effectively as possible and that their essential data is stored safely.

Security and privacy

Maintaining system security is crucial. The OS ensures the security of the system by limiting hardware access to trusted applications and programs. It uses methods like password protection and controlled user access to uphold privacy and data integrity.

Importance of Operating Systems in Computer Systems

The operating system also plays an important role in system protection. It prevents unauthorized access while providing protected and isolated access to system resources according to security policies. The OS can also detect errors and inconsistencies, taking appropriate action to prevent any potential harm to the system.

Different Types of Operating Systems

Operating systems vary significantly in design and function, depending on their intended use. Let's delve into the different types of operating systems, how they are classified, and their respective examples.

Classifying Operating Systems

Operating systems can be classified based on multiple factors, such as the number of users they support, the number of tasks they can perform at a given time, the type of interaction they allow with the system, and the type of environment they work in.

• Based on Number of Users: Operating systems can be Single-User or Multi-User. A Single-User OS allows only one user to work on a machine at a time, while a Multi-User OS allows multiple users to work on a device simultaneously.
• Based on Number of Tasks: Operating systems can be Single-Tasking or Multi-Tasking. A Single-Tasking OS can manage only one task at a time, while a Multi-Tasking OS can handle multiple tasks at once.
• Based on Interaction: Operating systems can be characterised as Command-Line Interface (CLI) or Graphical User Interface (GUI). A CLI OS requires commands to be typed, whereas a GUI OS allows users to interact with the system using visual indicators like icons.
• Based on Environment: Operating systems can be categorised as Real-Time, Distributed, Network, Mobile, or Embedded systems. Real-Time OS responds in real-time and is used in embedded systems. Distributed OS uses multiple central processors. Network OS controls and coordinates networked computers. Mobile OS is designed for mobile devices, and Embedded OS is tailored for devices like digital watches and MP3 players.

Operating System Examples

Each type of operating system has numerous examples. Let's take a look at those:

• Single User: Microsoft Windows, macOS
• Multi-User: UNIX, Linux
• Single-Tasking: MS-DOS
• Multi-Tasking: Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux
• CLI: MS-DOS, Linux (shell)
• GUI: Microsoft Windows, macOS
• Real-Time: VxWorks, RTLinux
• Distributed: Amoeba, Plan9
• Network: Microsoft Windows Server, Novell NetWare

Mobile Operating Systems

Mobile Operating Systems are OS specifically designed to run on mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets, and portable media players. These systems are optimised for wireless communication, mobile hardware, touch screens, and battery power efficiencies. Mobile OS also supports features necessary for mobile devices, such as cellular communication, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, GPS, and cameras. They're user-friendly, easy to navigate and offer numerous applications for different tasks.

Operating Systems for Mobile Devices: Examples and Characteristics

The two dominant mobile operating systems are Android and iOS. Some examples are:

There are also less prevalent mobile operating systems, like Blackberry OS and Windows Phone OS. These systems have unique characteristics and benefits, and are used on specific devices. Each mobile OS has characteristics that differentiate it from its counterparts, such as the user interface, app ecosystem, and device support. Understanding these unique features can help you select the right mobile operating system for your needs.

Comparing Operating Systems

Comparing operating systems depends on multiple factors, such as the specific needs of the user, the current hardware, or the intended application. However, to make this comparison valuable and easy to understand, there are few aspects worth considering.

Essential Aspects in Comparing Operating Systems

When comparing operating systems, it's crucial to understand the fundamental aspects of an OS that are relevant to the user. While professionals might be interested in in-depth technical details, an average user often values utility, usability, and the availability of applications.

User Interface:

The user interface explains how a user interacts with the operating system. Some OS uses a command-line interface, requiring typed commands to interact while others use a graphical user interface where interaction happens through visual elements such as icons and windows. A friendly user-interface can enhance the user experience tremendously.

Software Compatibility:

Not all applications run on all operating systems. Thus, checking what software is available and compatible with the particular OS is important.

Hardware Requirements:

Every operating system has minimum hardware requirements that need to be met for it to function efficiently. Consideration of the computer's hardware aligns with the hardware requirements of the operating system.

Security:

The level of security offered by the operating system is another critical aspect. A secure OS protects against malicious activities, ensures data privacy, and provides regular security updates and patches.

Performance:

Some operating systems are known for their speed and performance. Factors like boot-up speed, speed in executing tasks, and the efficiency with which it manages resources can all impact the performance.

Cost:

The price of the operating system is a factor to consider. Some OS are free, open-source platforms, while others require a definite purchase and possibly ongoing fees for updates or added features. Once these aspects are nailed down, it's useful to look closely at the strengths and weaknesses of the selected operating systems to make a viable comparison.

Comparative Study of Mobile and Desktop Operating Systems

While the essential layer of an operating system—managing the system's hardware and software—remains the same, there are significant differences between desktop and mobile operating systems.

Interface and User Experience:

Desktop operating systems often provide a more complex interface suitable for multi-window operation and multitasking, while mobile OS is optimised for touch input and a smaller screen size, often focusing more on single-task operation and simplicity.

Applications and Software:

Desktop OS often supports heavy-duty applications for business and creative work, whereas mobile OS generally supports lighter apps designed for quick, on-the-go usage.

Hardware:

Desktop OS is developed to support a broad range of hardware and is often more flexible in this regard. On the other hand, mobile OS, especially iOS, is designed to work on specific, limited hardware, leading to more optimised, consistent performance.

Security:

Both Desktop and Mobile OS employ diverse and robust security measures. However, desktop OS typically faces higher security risks, considering broader software and hardware support and more diverse usage scenarios. Understanding these major differences can help choose the right device and operating system depending on the use-case. It's essential to remember that no single operating system fits all needs perfectly. The right OS for you depends on your specific usage patterns, requirements, and preferences.