Tom Stoppard

Plays by Tom Stoppard

Tom Stoppard is a prolific playwright who has written many plays. He is most famous for Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (1966), Travesties (1974), and Arcadia (1993). Let's take a closer look at each of them.

Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (1966)

Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (1966) is the first stage play published by Stoppard. It fits into the category of an absurdist and existential tragicomedy and is set in Denmark. The play is also a work of metatheatre.

Fig. 2 - Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are characters in Shakespeare's famous play, Hamlet.

The play focuses on characters from Shakespeare's play Hamlet (c. 1599-1601), namely Hamlet's childhood friends, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. The characters are on the sidelines watching in confusion as the play unfolds on stage before them. The play has three acts and focuses on themes of art versus reality, the world as a mystery, and absurdity.

Travesties (1974)

Travesties (1974) is set in Zurich and focuses on Henry Carr. Carr thinks back to Zurich during World War I and his interactions with the writer James Joyce, the Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin, and the poet Tristan Tzara. The play is placed inside the framework of a production of Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest (1895) in which Carr was a leading actor. Therefore, Carr is unknowingly an actor in two plays but is only aware of his role in one, The Importance of Being Earnest. Carr is easily distracted and tells his stories without chronological order and is mazelike. The play contains aestheticism, Dadaism, art, and language themes. The play has won multiple awards, including the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award for Best Play (1976), the Tony Award for Best Play (1976), the Evening Standard Award for Best Comedy (1976), and the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play (1976).

Arcadia (1993)

Arcadia (1993) focuses on Thomasina Coverly in the early 19th century and on the modern-day Hannah Jarvis and Bernard Nightingale, a writer and professor, who investigate the Coverly house for various reasons. Coverly is interested in math, nature, and science and is a student of Septimus Hodge, a close friend of Lord Byron. Jarvis comes to the house to investigate a hermit, and Nightingale wants to know more about Byron. Together with Valentina Coverly, they uncover the truth about Thomasina. The play is separated into two acts and contains themes such as evidence and truth, chaos versus order, and Classicism versus Romanticism. It was awarded the Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Play (1993) and was nominated for two Tony awards.

The Writing Style of Tom Stoppard

Tom Stoppard's career spans many decades. Therefore, his writing style has evolved. However, Tom Stoppard is considered an Absurdist.

Stoppard also uses humor to explore absurdism. In addition, several of Stoppard's plays are based upon the idea that plays should be seen and enjoyed without too much analytical thought. That being the case, Stoppard wants the audience to believe his plays have no guiding concept. His writing style uses minimal words and phrases to get the point across.

Here is an example of Stoppard's minimal writing style from his play Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead:

Stoppard also sometimes relies on repetition, with some actions in the scenes occurring more than once to emphasize either the ridiculousness of the situation or to emphasize the action itself.

Finally, Stoppard includes various other plays within his plays, such as Hamlet and The Importance of Being Earnest. While doing that, he adopts the language and dialogue style of a play, such as Hamlet, in certain scenes, creating a stark contrast to Stoppard's writing style throughout the rest of the play.

Themes in the Works of Tom Stoppard

Tom Stoppard wrote many plays with various themes. Three themes that appear most often in his work are chaos versus order, reality versus stage, and time.

Chaos Versus Order

Order implies rationality, and chaos implies the disintegration of order into disharmony and randomness. Stoppard understands that most aspects of life hold a chaotic element, and it is intrinsically human to seek order once more. Chaotic elements can be anywhere from love to language.

Fig. 3 - Chaos vs. order is a common theme in Stoppard's plays.

However, as an absurdist, Stoppard shows the audience that the search for order is meaningless, and it makes more sense to find harmony within the chaos.

Reality Versus the Stage

Stoppard liked to confuse reality and the stage. A play within a play suggests that the play the audience came to watch is the current form of reality on the stage, while the play within the play is the fictitious world. However, the audience becomes aware that the reality they are watching is indeed a play. The audience is then forced to think about what is real and what is the stage. For example, in Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead, the characters are not entirely aware that they are watching the play Hamlet unfold and are unaware that they are actors in a play by Stoppard. The two characters exist in a form of reality that only exists within the framework of the fictitious play.

Time

Time is another important theme in the work of Stoppard. Oftentimes, Stoppard's plays will jump between time periods, such as the past and present. This exploration of different timelines and the changes and continuities that occur over time explain to the audience that time is a relative concept. In the play Travesties, Carr tells of his experiences with Lenin, James Joyce, and Tristan Tzara during WWI in Zurich. However, when Carr tells his stories, the timeline is confused and mazelike, showing that past and present can converge.

Quotes by Tom Stoppard

Here are some quotes from the plays of Tom Stoppard that will provide you with a better understanding of his work and style.

In this quote, the theme of reality versus the stage is explored. Guildenstern asks one of the actors if he will change into his costume, indicating a shift from reality to the stage. The costume is symbolic of leaving reality to enter a fictitious world. However, the player says he never changes out of it. This, in turn, makes the audience think about whether the player is aware of the fact he is part of a play or whether he is even aware he is not a part of reality. It also indicates Guildenstern's ignorance of his status as a character in a play.

Relationships are a key cause of chaos in the play Arcadia where the theme of chaos versus order is explored. In this quote, a character named Chloe believes the universe has a set plan for how things are supposed to be. It is these plans that make the universe deterministic. She also believes the universe favors order rather than chaos. However, when people try to form relationships outside those plans, chaos happens. It makes the audience wonder whether the Universe determines our fate or if people can choose their fate based on their actions.

Carr tells of his memories of Zurich during World War I and his interactions with Lenin, Joyce, and Tzara. He remembers three things in particular, although the last he forgets, about the times. However, his dichotomy of splitting people into the category of revolutionary, as Lenin was, and the category of artists, as Joyce was, is problematic. It is problematic because Tzara was both a revolutionary and an artist. That means the third thing he forgot may be that there is a third category that includes those who are artists and revolutionaries. However, his mazelike descriptions of his memories make the audience question the credibility of his words.