American Poetry

Features of American Poetry

Here, we are going to cover the distinct features of American poetry and trace its development from the early colonial period to the modern-day to paint a broad picture of American poetry.

What is the history of American Poetry?

As previously mentioned, American poetry is understood to have originated with the first European colonists in the American continent and persists to the present day. Given that European colonists began arriving in the 1400s, this means we have over 600 centuries of poetic history to cover! Let’s start at the beginning with Colonial Poetry.

Colonial Poetry (1550s-1860s)

Colonial poetry in the history of American poetry refers to verses written by the European colonists on the American continent. From the beginning of the European colonization of America, the colonists would attach verse poetry in their letters back to their families and friends across the pond. Much of the published writing during this period was informative prose pieces that painted a picture of the new territories for a European audience. Poetry from the early colonial period in the 16th-17th centuries tended to be verses interspersed in longer prose pieces that had a similar goal: to inform their target audience. Much of this poetry was also religious, given that many of the first colonists were religious settlers.

In the United States, the Puritans were religious colonists who arrived in the mid-1600s to settle in what is now known as Massachusetts. Puritan poets wrote about religion and family life. Poet Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) wrote about both of these themes; her most famous poem 'To My Dear and Loving Husband' (1678) explores the love she feels for her husband.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, popular poetry began to reflect the political fervor of the American War of Independence. Poetry became a political as well as an artistic form of expression as poets recognized the extraordinary times they were living in and the power of their pens. During the American Revolution, poems of this time extolled the values of independence and freedom while valorizing American war heroes, such as in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s (1807-1882) 'Paul Revere’s Ride' (1860) that commemorated this event of the War of Independence.

Transcendentalist Poetry (1820s-1850s)

Transcendentalism in America took root thanks to poets such as Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) and Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) in the 19th century. Transcendentalism was the American response to English Romanticism in literature, which featured significant poets such as William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. However, transcendentalism represented the development of a distinctly American approach to poetry.

Through transcendentalist poetry, this new, American voice reflected:

• optimism about humanity.
• appreciation for the natural world.
• a belief in the unity of humanity and the natural world.
• a rejection of societal conveniences.
• support for humanitarian issues.

Fig. 1 - Transcendentalist poets focus on the spirituality of nature and humanity's relationship with nature.

Modernist Poetry (1890s-1950s)

Heading into the 20th century, poets established a truly American voice in poetry through Modernism. Modernism arose from the Symbolism movement that swept the literary and art worlds of Europe. Modernist writers sought to radically change the way poetry was written. This happened by rejecting the formal conventions and strictures of poetic structure as well as the notion of objectivity in poetry.

Out of the modernist movement came Imagism, which challenged the conventional forms of Victorian and Romantic poetry. Imagists used free verse poetry to paint clear, concise pictures with words. The poems were meant to follow a rhythm that mimicked musical phrases rather than the rigid tempo of a metronome. Poets Ezra Pound (1885-1972) and T.S. Eliot (1888-1965) are two of the quintessential modernist poets in America. Eliot's 'The Waste Land' (1922) is a defining work of modernist poetry. Modernism remained popular until the 1950s, however, post-World War II, modernism waned in popularity due to the rise in Postmodernist poetry.

Harlem Renaissance (1910s-1930s)

The Harlem Renaissance was a movement that developed during the 1920s and 1930s and saw Harlem, New York, as the cultural center for African American literature, art, music, and politics. One of the foundational written works of the Harlem Renaissance was the poetry collection, Harlem Shadows, published in 1922 by the African American poet Claude McKay (1889-1948). Other important poets of the movement are Langston Hughes (1901-1967) and Anne Spencer (1882-1975).

The poetry developed during the Harlem Renaissance emphasized African American cultural backgrounds and a new poetic style known as Jazz Poetry, meaning poems written with the rhythmic and improvised feel of jazz music.

Fig. 2 - Harlem Renaissance poetry was greatly influenced by jazz music.

Simultaneously, poets of the Harlem Renaissance sought to challenge the narrative presented by poets of the past who established America as a land of freedom and opportunity for all. Harlem Renaissance poetry confronted racism and the discrepancy between the American dream and American reality. In his sonnet 'America' (1921), Claude Mckay describes the oppression and violence he faces in America. He writes that, despite his bitterness, he loves this country which has taught him to be strong in the face of hatred, but that he foresees a day when the might of America might crumble and disappear.

San Francisco Renaissance (1950s)

During the 1950s, an American poetry movement sprang up on the West Coast, known as the San Francisco Renaissance. Stemming from a poem anthology by Donald Allen (1912-2004), known as The New American Poetry (1945-1960), the San Francisco Renaissance emphasized experimental approaches to form and style and a thematic prevalence of counterculture ideals. As a result, San Francisco became a cultural center for avant-garde poetry. The San Francisco Renaissance shares many characteristics with Beat Poetry and is associated with this similarly countercultural movement.

Beat Poetry (1950s-1960s)

Reflecting the hippie surge in the 1960s, Beat poetry was a movement that emphasized formless, raw poetry reflective of the cultural zeitgeist. Beat poets were often part of counterculture movements, and their poetry emphasized anti-establishment and anti-consumerist values.

The Beat movement valued:

• a rejection of consumerism.
• sexual liberation.
• authenticity and spontaneity.
• an appreciation for the natural world.
• non-conformity to an image of America they saw as militaristic and authoritarian.

Notable poets of the Beat movement include Alan Ginsberg (1926-1997) and Jack Kerouac (1922-1969). Ginsberg's 'Howl' (1956) weaves a story drawn from the real-life experiences of Ginsberg's friends who were also members of the Beat generation. Ginsberg wrote frankly and openly about topics such as drug use, sexual practices, and political radicalism, and the poem prompted an obscenity trial given its controversial content.

Contemporary American Poetry (1960s-present)

In modern America, poetry has undergone various transformations and evolutions to adapt to our newly digitized world. Beat poetry has seen a revival, particularly in the form of spoken word performances. These performances and competitions are known as slam poetry, and prominent poets are Alix Olsen (1975-present) and Saul Williams (1972-present).

This poetry has also become instantly accessible to anyone with a computer, as online poetry journals, anthologies, magazines, and forums allow anyone to publish their poetry on the internet. The District of Columbia and 46 U.S. states have an established Poet Laureate in addition to the Library of Congress’s Poet Laureate. The role of the poet laureate is to compose poetry about the times we live in and to bring poetry to the forefront of the American public. The position was established in 1985, and there have been 23 Poet Laureates of the United States including our current Laureate, Joy Harjo.

While this article doesn’t cover every movement in the history of American poetry, these highlighted periods provide a glimpse into the vast breadth of ways in which poetry developed and changed over the years in the United States. Now, let's have a further look at who American poets are.

Who writes American Poetry?

This question seems to have an easy answer: Americans write American poetry! But, of course, America is a melting pot for different cultures. Here, we shall examine different perspectives that are prominent in the history of American poetry.

History of African American Poetry

Phillis Wheatley (1753-1784), born in Africa and brought to the United States as a slave, was the first African-American to publish a book of poetry in the United States of America. African American poets in the 19th century, such as Frances Watkins Harper (1825-1911), wrote abolitionist poems that called for an end to slavery.

W.E.B. Du Bois (1868-1963) is one of the most prolific writers and scholars of the 19th century, and his poems often centered on Black culture and identity in the United States during this period. As we previously discussed, the Harlem Renaissance in the early 20th century was a poetry movement that began in Harlem, New York City, that is widely considered in the present day to be a Golden Age for African American art, including poetry. In 1950, Gwendolyn Brooks (1917-2000) won the Pulitzer Prize for poetry; she was the first African American poet to receive the prestigious award.

In the present day, African American poets write from various perspectives and may draw upon the rich history of African American poetry in the United States. At the presidential inauguration of Joe Biden in 2021, Amanda Gorman (1998-present) became the youngest poet to read at a presidential inauguration in American history. She cites poets Phillis Wheatley and Audre Lorde as being formative to her poetic expression.

History of Native American Poetry

Native Americans inhabited what is now known as the United States of America long before any European colonists ever landed at Plymouth Rock. The rich history of Native American oral traditions includes art and music that is likened to poetry. Many Native American oral poems were used to commemorate special events, invoke healing, or communicate with spiritual beings. Contemporary Native American poets often draw upon their cultural history in their poems, as well as themes such as the natural world and life.

The 1960s onwards is considered a Native American Literary Renaissance given the increased visibility of Native American literary works, including poetry, that explored Native American identity and history in the broader context of the United States. Duane Niatum (1938-present) and James Welsh (1940-2003) are two leading poets of the Native American Renaissance. Our current Poet Laureate is Joy Harjo (1951-present) of the Muscogee Nation, who is also the first Native American poet to hold the honor. Her poem 'From Calling the Spirit Back from Wandering the Earth in Its Human Feet' (2015) refers to the history of Native American culture and the legacy of colonialism in the United States.

History of American Poetry by Women

Throughout America’s poetic history, women have penned poetic verse, often to great acclaim. One of the earliest American poets was Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672), who wrote about religion, family life, and love. It wasn’t until the 20th century that much of her poetry was discovered and published for the first time. Emily Dickinson (1930-1886) is credited with revolutionizing American poetry by contributing to a style of poetry removed from the rigid formality of her English poet predecessors. Modern American poets include Gwendolyn Brooks (1917-200), Maya Angelou (1928-2014), and Louise Glück (1943-present) who served as the Poet Laureate of the United States from 2003-2004 and has won a Nobel and Pulitzer Prize for literature.

History of Chicano Poetry

Chicano refers to people of Mexican descent living in the United States. Thus, Chicano poetry is poetry written by authors of Mexican descent or relating to Mexican-American identity in the United States. The Chicanismo movement in the United States developed in the Southwest in the 1930s and, in the 1970s, the Chicano movement extended strongly to literature and poetry. Chicano poets wrote about Chicano identity in America. Chicana women often wrote about cultures of machismo and patriarchy within the United States and their communities.

Juan Felipe Herrera (1948-present) served as the Poet Laureate of California in 2012 and in 2015 became the first Chicano poet to serve as the Poet Laureate of the United States. His poem 'Borderbus' (2015) explores the experience of migrants crossing the U.S. Border from Mexico. Alberto Rios (1952-present) served as the first poet laureate of Arizona in 2013 and holds this position to the present day.

What are the themes of American Poetry?

As you have probably discovered this far, American poetry is diverse and varied. Various themes have stood the test of time and inspired and challenged American poets from the colonial period to the present day.

American Identity

One common theme in American poetry is that of the country itself and American identity. Ideals such as independence and freedom are extolled in poems penned by Americans. One of the prime examples is 'The New Colossus' (1883) by American poet Emma Lazarus (1849-1887). She penned this sonnet to raise money for the construction of the Statue of Liberty. After the statue's construction, her poem was engraved on its pedestal and serves as a welcome song to immigrants arriving in the United States. It serves as a message of freedom and hope and highlights the integral role immigrant identity plays in the construction of American identity.

Another 19th-century poet, Walt Whitman, often wrote about the shortcomings of an idealized America when compared to the reality of life in America. He exemplifies how poets writing about America and American identity also do so to confront and challenge prevalent issues in American society.

Fig. 3 - There is a poem engraved at the foot of the Statue of Liberty welcoming immigrants.

The Inner Self

In contrast to much of the poetry written in England, American poetry developed a distinct theme of individuality concerned with the construction of a ‘self’ in poetry. American poets write in a way that has proven that the inner life of a person is just as rich and worthy of artistic merit as the public persona. Emily Dickinson was one of the first prominent poets to write about her inner life, and Walt Whitman did so famously and boldly with his poem 'Song of Myself' (1855).

The Natural World

Nature is an enduring theme in American poetry. As previously mentioned, the transcendentalist movement had a huge impact on the development of a uniquely American voice in poetry. Transcendentalists were fundamentally interested in the relationship between man and nature and the rejection of the conventions and conveniences of modern society. From Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) to Mary Oliver (1935-2019), the natural world has served as a muse for American poets for centuries.

Time

Additionally, the passage of time has captured the imagination of American poets. Walt Whitman wrote 'Pioneers! O Pioneers' in 1865 as a call for westward expansion to usher in a new era in American history. Robert Frost (1874-1963), one of the quintessential American poets, was interested in the passing of time and the importance of how we spend time - whether this was in the consideration given to a friend in 'A Time to Talk' (1916) or the imagery of a luminary clock in the sky from 'Acquainted with the Night' (1928).

While these themes are not present in every American poem, they can be consistently identified in American poetry throughout the years.

Importance of American Poetry

One defining aspect of American poetry is perhaps, ironically, its indefinability. Because it spans such a large time period and so many different cultural perspectives, it is difficult to distill American poetry into one definition. At its core, American poetry showcases the continuities and changes that America has undergone over the years and the way that art can reflect, challenge, and contribute to society. American poetry developed its own unique tone distinct from its European predecessors and continues to serve as an illustration of American identity and all of its inherent complexities and contradictions.

American Poetry Books

There are numerous collections, anthologies, and compilations of American poetry. Here is a brief selection of some books that encompass parts of the history of American poetry:

• The Penguin Anthology of Twentieth-Century American Poetry edited by former Poet Laureate Rita Dove, 2011.
• The Columbia Anthology of American Poetry edited by Jay Parini, an American poet and critic, 1995.
• African American Poetry: 250 Years of Struggle and Song, from the year 2020 edited by poet and editor Kevin Young.
• Great Poems by American Women: An Anthology edited by Susan L. Rattiner, 1998.