Robert Lowell

Biography of Robert Lowell

Robert Lowell (1917-1977) is an American poet who was born in Boston, Massachusetts. His father was Navy Commander Robert Lowell and his mother was Charlotte Winslow. Lowell was able to trace his heritage to a passenger aboard the Mayflower; his parents were both descended from long lines of prominent New Englanders.

Lowell often referred to his childhood self as a bully; he attended the Brimmer Street school in Boston and then graduated from high school at St. Mark’s School in Southborough. After high school, Lowell attended Harvard University for two years. He was unhappy at Harvard, and, following a fight with his father, he left the school. Lowell spent time living in a tent on the lawn in front of American poet Allen Tate’s house; Tate would become an important influence on Lowell’s poetic career.

Lowell eventually attended his final two years at Kenyon College in Ohio, where Tate taught. He graduated with a bachelor’s degree in Classic Studies. During this period in which Lowell was focused on the idea of rebellion, he also converted to Catholicism from Protestantism.

Following his graduation from Kenyon College, Lowell taught English for one year. He married his first wife, short story writer Jean Stafford, in 1940. At the beginning of World War II, Lowell was a conscientious objector and refused to fight in the U.S. Army. As a result, he spent five months in jail. During this time period, Lowell wrote many poems that would be included in his first poetry collections, Land of Unlikeness (1944) and Lord Weary’s Castle (1946).

These first two collections made Lowell a major figure in American poetry, and he was awarded the 1947 Pulitzer Prize for Lord Weary’s Castle. Following its publication, he met the poet Elizabeth Bishop, with whom he would have a lifelong friendship that strongly impacted his writing. Lowell taught poetry at various colleges and universities throughout his lifetime, Lowell married twice more, in 1948 and 1972 to Elizabeth Hardwick, a writer, and Lady Caroline Blackwood, a novelist.

Lowell's conscientious objection to serving in the Second World War was just the beginning of his lifelong political activism. Lowell was staunchly anti-war and held that position for many years. He attended the March on the Pentagon in 1967 in opposition to the Vietnam War, and he penned letters and essays to the U.S. government to express his disapproval of the war and his request that the U.S. cease all involvement. In addition to his anti-war positions, Lowell also became involved in the Red Scare in the United States during the Cold War. He was responsible for accusing an American director, Elizabeth Ames, of being a communist sympathizer.

Fig. 2 - Lowell (not pictured) was an anti-war activist for much of his adult life.

Throughout his lifetime, Lowell suffered from problems in his personal relationships (his first two marriages were considered tumultuous) as well as with his mental health. He was hospitalized for bipolar disorder multiple times; his experience with his mental illness provided inspiration for many of his poems and collections.

In 1977, at the age of 60, Lowell died of a heart attack in New York City. His grave is located in New Hampshire. In his later years, Lowell had moved to England with his wife Caroline, he was back in the United States to visit Elizabeth Hardwick, his ex-wife.

Robert Lowell Books

Lowell’s first two poetry collections, Land of Unlikeness (1944) and Lord Weary’s Castle (1946), were published following his graduation from college and his imprisonment for his conscientious objection to fighting in World War II. Both collections see Lowell grappling with his need for rebellion from the proper New England world he was raised in. He later published The Mills of the Kavanaughs (1951) and then took time to spend teaching and writing before publishing Life Studies (1959), considered one of his finest works. It introduced a new style of poetry that would become majorly influential in America, confessional poetry.

Robert Lowell Poems

Some of Lowell’s best-known poems include “For the Union Dead” (1964) which was published in a collection of the same name. In it, he reflects on his childhood, the American Civil War, and the Civil Rights movement. “Skunk Hour” (1958) was included in his collection Life Studies. The poem is a prime example of confessional poetry. His poetry evolved throughout his lifetime, going back and forth between strict formalism and free verse. His collection, Notebook (1970), mainly consisted of sonnets, such as “The Charles River.”

Robert Lowell’s Writing Style

Lowell’s writing style underwent massive changes throughout his career. His earlier poetry is characterized by its formalistic qualities. His relationship with poet Allen Tate led to much of his first few poetry collections being influenced by the New Criticism school of poetry. This meant that his poetry was aimed to be self-referential, in that all one needs to understand the meaning of the poem is the poem itself.

The publication of Life Studies (1960) marks a divergence in Lowell’s poetry and would become one of the most important publications in the history of American poetry. The subject matter was deeply personal about Lowell’s life, relationships, and struggle with mental illness. Rather than using the extremely formalistic structures of his previous poetry, Lowell employed free verse in addition to instances of metered verse. It is considered one of the first examples of confessional poetry. Lowell’s time as a professor would also lead to him mentoring many poets who would go on to lead the American confessional poetry movement, such as Anne Sexton and Sylvia Plath.

These lines from the poem illustrate the intensely personal nature of the events and feelings that Lowell recalls. The poem covers the time that he returned home after spending time in a mental hospital, and the changes that both he, his family, and the world outside underwent.

Fig. 3- The Robert Gould Shaw Memorial in Boston Commons inspired Lowell's poem "For the Union Dead."

For the Union Dead expanded upon Life Studies. Many of the poems were still personal in nature while also addressing themes regarding history, Civil Rights, and the changes that modern Americans underwent. In the late 1960s, Lowell returned to the formal structures and metered verse that he had written extensively in his earlier collections. In the 70s, he began publishing many sonnets, some of which had been written many years prior to their publication.