To Penshurst

“To Penshurst”: Context

“To Penshurst” is a country house poem written by the English Renaissance poet and dramatist Ben Jonson (1572‐1637). Jonson wrote the poem to complement the artistic, aristocratic Sidney family through a description of their country home called Penshurst Place. Robert Sidney, the 1st Earl of Leicester, was a poet and patron of the arts. Jonson visited Sidney and his family in 1610. He wrote the poem “To Penshurst” as a gift to the family. It was common at this time for poets to write poetry in honor of wealthy patrons to gain artistic sponsorship.

Ben Jonson's poem, “To Penshurst,” was published in 1616. It is seen as the model poem for the county house genre of poetry. The poem describes the medieval estate known as Penshurst Place, which was built in 1341 in Kent—a county outside London, England. King Edward VI granted the estate to the Sidney family in 1552. In the poem, Jonson describes how Robert Sidney's country estate is a reflection of the bounty of nature and the generosity of the family.

Fig. 2 ‐ Kent, England is full of castles and country houses. It is known for its waterways, lush landscapes, and natural beauty, which are vividly depicted in Jonson's poetry.

“To Penshurst”: Poem

Below are the first 14 lines of the poem, which introduce Penshurst Place.

“To Penshurst”: Summary

The poem “To Penshurst” is written as a single stanza of 102 lines. The poem can be roughly broken up into three main focuses: 1) the beauty and bounty of nature, 2) the generosity and hospitality at Penshurst, and 3) the righteousness of the Sidney family.

The Beauty and Bounty of Nature (Lines 1 to 43)

The poem “To Penshurst” begins with the speaker describing how Penshurst is not built with showy “polished pillars, or a roof of gold” (3). Its beauty and value are not boasted through its exteriors. Rather, Penshurst's beauty and value come from the fertile natural beauty that surrounds it. Jonson writes that the joy of Penshurst is found in “better marks of soil, or air, / Of wood, of water; therein thou art fair” (7 to 8).

The speaker vividly describes the nature of the Penshurst estate—its mountains, trees, rivers, and abundant animals. Jonson paints a picture of an Eden-like paradise. He uses references to Greek and Roman mythology to emphasize the mystical, majestic quality of this superfluous land.

The speaker naturally transitions into describing how the animals and livestock on the property are abundant and eager to feed people. He describes “Fat aged carps that run into thy net” and “Bright eels that emulate them, and leap on land / Before the fisher, or into his hand” (33, 37-38).

The Generosity and Hospitality at Penshurst (Lines 44 to 75)

Ben Jonson describes Penshurst as a happy place for the common people. He suggests that the walls of the property were not built by slaves, but rather by paid workers who take pride in the place. The people have an abundance of food and stable work. They bring food to share and “salute / Thy lord and lady, though they have no suit” (49 to 50). The common people have respect for their lord and lady, who are generous with them and do not look down on them for not being wealthy.

The abundance and generosity of the land reflect the generosity and hospitality of the Sidney family to their townspeople and guests. Jonson describes how guests at the Sidney estate have an abundance of good food. The estate is a comfortable place where everything is provided for the guests, and there is more than enough to eat.

Fig. 3 ‐ In the poem, the abundance of food the Sidneys offer their guests reflects both their own generosity and the generosity of the fertile land they live on.

The Righteousness of the Sidney Family (Lines 76 to 102)

Ben Jonson describes the Sidneys as righteous hosts and landowners. He writes about how King James and his son one day wandered over to the Penshurst estate while on a hunting trip. They were welcomed by Lady Sidney's "high housewifery” (85).

The speaker depicts the Sidney family as the ideal picture of virtue. He describes Lady Sidney as “noble, fruitful, chaste,” and notes that all of Robert Sidney's children are his own (90). This suggests his faithfulness to his wife, which was uncommon at the time. The Sidney's children are well-educated, and most importantly, they pray. The Sidneys are the perfect example of a virtuous, generous Christian family.

While most wealthy landowning families built their estates to show off their social status, the Sidneys use Penshurst as a place to live and serve the community. Jonson ends the poem with the lines, “Those proud, ambitious heaps, and nothing else, / May say their lords have build, but thy lord dwells” (101 to 102). Penshurst is different from other country homes because the Sidneys have made a proper home for themselves, their guests, and the townspeople here. It is a righteous home in which God dwells.

“To Penshurst”: Analysis of Form

“To Penshurst” is a poem written in a single stanza of 102 lines. The poem is written in highly structured iambic pentameter and rhyming couplets. Ben Jonson uses the single block of text to tie together an abundance of flowing imagery regarding Penshurst's natural beauty, the hospitality of the home, and the warmth and generosity of the Sidney family. Jonson's long poem of flowing words emphasizes this idea of abundance, which carries throughout the poem like the river depicted.

“To Penshurst”: Meter

The poem is written in iambic pentameter, meaning each line is composed of ten syllables in an alternating pattern of unstressed and stressed syllables. Iambic pentameter was a common form of meter used in traditional English poetry of Ben Johnson's time. The use of iambic pentameter lends a highly consistent rhythm to the poem, creating a consistency in the flow of Jonson's words.

“To Penshurst”: Rhyme Scheme

“To Penshurst” is written in a specific type of rhyming couplets, known as heroic couplets. Therefore, the rhyme scheme follows an AABB pattern. The use of heroic couplets pairs Jonson's ideas and lends an air of importance to the poem's reading. The heroic couplets project the significance of 'Penshurst,' as well as the Sidney family's role as a model ruling family.

“To Penshurst”: Literary Devices

The poem “To Penshurst” uses an abundance of literary devices to present the abundance of nature. Some of the most prominent literary devices used include apostrophe, alliteration, assonance, tone, allusion, imagery, personification, and imagery.

Apostrophe

“To Penshurst” is an example of apostrophe, as Ben Jonson writes to the personified Penshurst estate. Jonson uses apostrophe to convey personalized praise and admiration of Robert Sidney's family through the description of their estate.

Alliteration, Assonance, and Tone

Ben Jonson uses alliteration, emphasizing the “P” sound to quickly carry the line of poetry forward and remind the reader of the Penshurst estate. Jonson uses evident alliteration of the “P” sound in line 29, which describes a “painted partridge.” The repetition of the “P” sound lends a quickened pace to the reading, supporting Jonson's enthusiastic tone.

Ben Jonson also plays with sound by using assonance to emphasize particular vowel sounds. In the opening lines of the poem, Jonson uses the repetition of the long “O” sound to create a suave, exaggerated air of importance. It is as if someone who over-annunciates to sound important is reading the poem. This use of assonance mimics the aristocratic air of the estate Jonson is describing to explain to readers what Penshurst is not. It is not an uppity place that boasts and brags and looks down on the lower class. Rather, it serves all people.

Allusion and Imagery

The poem uses allusions to Greek and Roman mythology to suggest the fertility and otherworldly paradise of nature surrounding Penshurst Place. In line 11 of the poem, Jonson refers to the gods “Pan and Bacchus” (11). Pan is the Greek god of the wild and shepherds, while Bacchus, also known as Dionysus, is the god of wine and vegetation. Both gods are associated with fertility, emphasizing the imagery of the fertility of the land.

The speaker uses vivid visual imagery to paint a picture of the mountains and trees under which the “Muses met” (14). The Muses are an allusion to the nine Greek goddesses known to inspire art, poetry, and science. Through this imagery and allusion, Jonson suggests that the bountiful beauty of nature is a great poetic inspiration.

Personification and Hyperbole

The poem is built on the personification of nature. Jonson personifies nature to display its growth and abundance while also emphasizing the way it serves humanity. He uses personification and hyperbole, or exaggeration, to describe how the fish run into nets and leap into the hands of the fishers. This implies that there is such an abundance of life at Penshurst that it is almost as if food and resources are jumping into people's laps and require no effort to acquire.

In the example below, Jonson describes a peach as “blushing” and hanging so that “every child” can reach it. This represents how the nature and abundance of food at Penshurst are shared with everyone. It is an ideal place where no one goes hungry and food is readily available. The personification of food making itself available to the people also reflects the generosity of the Sidneys, who share their resources with everyone living on the land. Jonson implies that this is the way things should be.

"To Penshurst": Themes

The main themes in the poem are nature's abundance, generosity, and hospitality.

Nature's Abundance

In the poem, nature is depicted as lush and overflowing in its bounty. Nature is fully alive and defines the true beauty of Penshurst Place. The diversity of plants, animals, and the landscape is what makes life at Penshurst so unique. Nature is abundant and is personified as being generous, which reflects the generosity of the Sidney family who resides there.

Generosity and Hospitality

Ben Jonson portrays a generous and hospitable landowning family in the poem to paint a picture of ideal landowners who share their land and resources with those of the lower class. Penshurst is not merely used as a display of the Sidneys' wealth, but it serves as a home for all those who visit and live nearby. The Sidneys are portrayed as the ideal Christian family with educated children who pray, led by faithful, dutiful parents.

Ultimately, it is the Sidneys' generosity and hospitality that makes Penshurst such a notable estate, and nature's abundance aids them in being able to welcome and host guests with such warmth and luxury.