Framed Narrative

Frame narrative: examples

An early example is Homer’s Odyssey. In it, Ulysses, in the palace of King Alcinous, tells the story of his experiences with Calypso and subsequent shipwreck. The narrative shifts from the author to Ulysses and his personal experience.

Frame narrative was also used on stage. Shakespeare used this device in several of his plays.

The Taming of the Shrew is a play within a play. The ‘frame’ of the narrative is in the prologue scene, where a drunken tinker is tricked into believing he is a lord, and a group of actors decide to perform a whole play before him to keep up the pretence.

If this sounds familiar, you have either read Frankenstein or seen a film version of it. Mary Shelley’s novel hit the press in 1818, and its frame narrative involves several embedded stories.

Walton, the explorer, as the first narrator, has the task of setting the scene: aboard a ship in the frozen sea. He also introduces us to Frankenstein:

Once the reader's curiosity is piqued, the narrative is turned over to Frankenstein, who is now the main narrator for the rest of the novel until halfway through the last chapter. The reins are handed back to the explorer Walton, who describes an interview with the creature and ends with the creature disappearing across the waves on a raft until it is 'lost in darkness and distance.' (M. Shelley, Frankenstein, 1818)

Fig. 4 – The multiple narratives in Frankenstein

Inside Frankenstein’s story, we discover another narrative: that of the Creature, who tells his own story to Frankenstein, which gives us:

Frankenstein’s narrative > within Walton’s narrative >

Fig. 5 - The multiple narratives in Frankenstein including the Creature's narrative

The frame narrative allows for information to be revealed further on in the story and by more than one narrator – this is useful to writers in general, particularly in stories of mystery, suspense, and the supernatural.

Wilkie Collins devised his version of the frame narrative in his novels. Technically, different characters share the narration giving their testimony as to what happened. Collins used this technique with his detective novel The Moonstone, one of English literature's early major detective novels.

The Moonstone concerns the theft of an invaluable jewel at a family house in the countryside. The family steward, Betteredge, opened and closed the main narrative with an epilogue consisting of statements by minor characters. Within the main narrative, seven other characters take turns to narrate:

The novel is divided into two parts; the first narrated by Betteredge, and the second containing the seven other narratives, and concluded by Betteredge:

Part 1 + Part 2 (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th narrative, conclusion (Betteredge) + Epilogue

This enabled the author to keep the reader from discovering too much too soon, allowing for a completely unexpected reveal in the final chapters.

Henry James’ ghost novel The Turn of the Screw opens with an unnamed narrator who in turn is told the story by a fellow guest. The fellow guest has the story of his sister’s governess, dead for the last twenty years. By using the frame narrative, James effectively creates a sense of distance and mystery. In addition, we, the readers, are made to feel uncertain as to the reliability of the narrator: is the governess really seeing phantoms? Are the children truly possessed? Are any of the narrators involved reliable?

In this structure, we do not return to the first narrator. James, with chilling and dramatic precision, ends the story with the narrative of the governess:

Fig. 6 - Frame narrative in The Turn of the Screw.

Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights adopts the frame narrative in a less complex way, by having only two main narrators: the first, Mr Lockwood, is very quickly haunted by a phantom (in chapter 3). When he is confined to bed after catching a cold on the Yorkshire moors, he asks his housekeeper to tell him about the morose family resident at Wuthering Heights. The housekeeper, Nelly Dean, then becomes the main narrator and continues the story until the last couple of chapters when Lockwood, returning to the area a year later, takes over the novel's conclusion.

Fig. 7 - Frame narrative in Wuthering Heights.

Bram Stoker, in his vampire novel Dracula, follows a similar structure to Wilkie Collins in using different accounts from various character viewpoints through journals, diaries and letters.

Jonathan Harker, a young solicitor, travels to Transylvania to settle a land sale with a client called Count Dracula. He narrowly escapes the Count’s clutches and falls into a fever at a convent, where his fiancee joins him and continues the story. Five of the main characters share the narrative and Mina concludes it when all five characters unite with Dr Helsing in bringing down the Count.

The frame narrative helps engage a reader’s attention and keep the story's pace going. It is also a handy tool for the author to feed in extra details which might otherwise be difficult for the reader to take in. The frame narrative is a popular device in literature, on stage and in films. It allows authors more creative freedom and enables audiences to enjoy a fuller, more varied experience.