Narrative Form

Narrative form: narration

One of the first things we may notice in a story is narration. A story's narration can give readers a hint of its viewpoint. There are three types of narration in storytelling; first person, second person and third person. Sometimes the form of narrative that a writer would use determines its narration. A memoir is almost always told in the first person. A non-fiction article or book would normally be written in the third person. Let's look at the three types of narration.

First-person

First-person is when the story's narrator is involved in the narrative and presenting their point of view. The narrator would use the pronouns 'I' or 'we' and is telling the reader their accounts of events. Memoirs and autobiographies are always told in the first person, and often novels and short stories will too. In fiction, the first-person narration allows the writer the opportunity to withhold information from the reader.

Second-person

The second person is a rarely used type of narration. In the second person, the reader is directly addressed by the narrator. This has the effect of involving the reader in the events of the story. The second person would refer to the reader as 'you'. It is a form of narration that is not used often in literature.

Third-person

The narrator in the third-person is outside of the events in a story. They would use the pronouns, 'he', 'she' and 'they'. There are two types of third-person narration, omniscient and limited. In the third-person omniscient the narrator knows every characters' thoughts, feelings and actions. Omniscient means 'all knowing'. Third-person omniscient gives writers the opportunity to explore relationships between multiple characters.

Third-person limited narration is still outside of the story, but the thoughts and actions of the all characters are not known. In the Harry Potter books, the reader knows everything that Harry is thinking and feeling. But the reader only knows what Harry is thinking. The thoughts of secondary characters are withheld from the audience.

Narrative form: types of narrative

Although there are many ways to tell a story, there are only four types of narrative. These types are dependent on what order a writer would present the events or the viewpoint taken. Here we will look at the different types of narratives.

Linear narrative

In a linear narrative, the story is told in chronological order. That is to say that the events in the story are presented in the order they occurred. Linear narrative can be told in any form of narration, first, second or third. Telling a narrative in a linear way gives the impression of the story unfolding before the reader's eyes.

Non-linear narrative

The non-linear narrative is when the story's events are presented outside their chronological order. The timeline of the story is distorted, sometimes using the techniques of flashback or flash-forward. Information is withheld and the reader may know where a character ends up, but not how they got there. Non-linear narratives can be used to add an element of mystery to a story.

Linear and non-linear narratives determine how time is presented in a story.

Viewpoint narrative

A viewpoint narrative presents the often subjective point of view of one or more of the characters. If the story is told in the first person we read of the protagonist's thoughts and sensory experiences. If told in the third person the narrator could present the reader with the thoughts and feelings of multiple characters, often switching points of view throughout the story. Using a viewpoint narrative allows the opportunity to present an unreliable narrator. An unreliable narrator would offer untrustworthy ideas.

Quest narrative

When a story's plot is driven by the desire to reach a common goal it is often called a quest narrative. These narratives often span long distances and their protagonists go through many obstacles to achieve their aims.

Narrative form: examples

There are so many forms of narrative that it would be impossible to go through all of them. Here we will look at some of the more common forms.

Allegory

A narrative device that tells one story to symbolise another idea. This idea would not be explicitly mentioned in the plot. Allegory can also include fables and parables. First used in the classical world by writers such as Plato and Cicero, allegory became particularly popular in the middle ages. John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress is an early example. A more contemporary example would be Animal Farm by George Orwell. Orwell uses a story of farmyard animals to criticise the Soviet Union.

Memoir

A form of biography based on the author's personal experience. These events are normally accepted as fact although normally subjective. Could be confused with autobiography but differs slightly. Autobiography concerns itself with the author's life, in memoirs the author is normally a part of a larger event. One of the first examples is Edmund Ludlow's memoirs of the English Civil War. Another example is Goodbye To All That (1929) by Robert Graves.

Folklore

Sometimes known as oral tradition, folklore is the collective term for stories that were passed on by word of mouth. Folklore is the oldest form of literature, often from preliterate cultures. It would include all forms of storytelling, from prose and song to myth and poetry. Almost all cultures have a history of folklore. 'Jack and the Beanstalk' is a famous example of folklore.

Short Fiction

Short fiction is any story that is shorter than a novel. The short story gained popularity in the 19th century. Short fiction gave writers an opportunity to explore ideas that may not be possible in the novel. Writers such as John Cheever and H.H Munro (Saki) were successful short fiction authors.

Other notable forms of narrative

• Novels
• Flash fiction
• Autobiography
• Epic poetry
• Essay
• Play

The effect of narrative form

How a writer chooses to present their story greatly affects our enjoyment of them. A reader can watch the action unfurl before them or enjoy the mystery of flashbacks and flash-forwards. Narrative form can alter our reaction to the stories we read. It can make us sympathetic to characters we normally wouldn't relate to, or recoil at the thoughts of someone seemingly normal.

From screenplays to biographies, novels to epic poetry, there is bound to be a narrative form to suit anyone's taste. Writers will continue to find ways for people to enjoy stories.