Paratext

Paratext: definition

Paratext is a term coined by literary theorist Gérard Genette, referring to elements that surround the main text of a book but aren't part of the narrative itself. These elements help frame the narrative and influence the reader's interpretation of the text. Examples include the title, author's name, prefaces, introductions, footnotes, afterwords, and cover art. For instance, the introduction in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1818) provides context about the origin of the story, helping shape the reader's understanding of the novel.

Genette discusses the concept of paratext in the book Paratext: Thresholds of Interpretation (1987). The term paratext is a combination of the Greek word 'para', meaning beyond, and the word text, referring to the main body of text in the book.

While the text is created by the author of the book, the author may or may not have a direct role in choosing the paratextual elements of the book.

In 'Introduction to The Paratext' (1991), Genette argues that the main content of the book, be it a novel, poem, or non-fiction never appears on its own. It is accompanied by elements that, in a way, present the text to the world. These factors, thus, influence the perception and reception of the work.

It is increasingly common in literary criticism to factor in the paratextual features in the analysis of a book. In the case of rare and antique works, the paratextual information can even help to find out the book's author and origins.

As Genette observes, the author of a paratextual message need not always be the author of the book. For example, many books come with an introduction or preface written by someone other than the author of the book. Similarly, different paratextual elements address different types of audiences. While some are intended for the general public, some are for the individual reader, and some are for booksellers or critics.

Fig. 1 - Paratext refers to the elements in a printed book that are not part of the main body of the text, but which help to shape its reception and interpretation.

Difference between text and Paratext

The difference between text and paratext can be described in many ways. In literary theory, a text is anything that can be read. By this definition, a text can be anything from a billboard to an award-winning novel.

The text refers to the part of a book that comes out of an author's creative process. The paratext is added during the publishing stage and even after. There are two parts of the paratext: peritext and epitext.

Paratext: elements

Paratext analysis involves examining the peripheral elements of a text—such as its title, preface, illustrations, or author's notes—to understand how they influence a reader's interpretation of the main body of work. These elements can set the tone, suggest a genre, or provide historical or cultural context

In Genette's view, paratext is how a fictional or non-fictional text is presented as a book for a potential reader and the public in general.

While the concept of paratext can be applied to many forms of art, it is most commonly associated with books. Books carry multiple paratextual elements. The paratextual features are not mandatory or universal as not all books have all these elements, and sometimes, authors refuse to engage with the public.

Peritext

Peritext includes elements that surround the main text, such as the foreword, table of contents, index, and source notes, which shape the text in order to make it ready for public consumption.

• Cover art: the illustration or artwork that appears on the cover of a book.
• Front and back matter: dedication, acknowledgement, opening information, foreward, and endpapers.
• Notes: footnotes and other information that is not directly crafted by the author.
• Blurbs: a short description of a book or film (usually found at the back of a book or DVD) added for promotional and marketing purposes.

Editorial decisions like the formatting or typography of the text also come under the category of paratext. The author may or may not be involved in these decisions.

Epitext

Epitext refers to the elements related to the book but outside of the boundaries of the book. This may include all conversations surrounding the book, including news coverage, press meetings, promotional events, author interviews, book readings and so on. These may, in turn, shape the way a book is perceived and remembered. Epitext can also influence how likely a text is to be bought and how much attention it may receive.

Reviews

The commercial culture in the digital age is driven by how we interact with other consumers. Like other products, consumer decisions around books are also influenced by online reviews. It is now increasingly common for publishers to include snippets or ratings from reviews on the covers of reprints. Similarly, reviews might become part of the legacy of the book or the author.

Promotional events

Gone are the days when promotional interviews and events were reserved for high-profile films and celebrities. Depending on their fame, authors now go on extensive, multi-country book tours to reach a wider audience. It is often the case that they might engage in conversations around the book's themes, inspirations, and origins, which end up shaping the public image of the book.

Literary criticism

Although books are rarely considered for academic study or literary analysis of books right after they are published, literary analysis is an important part of the conversations around a book. It eventually establishes the book's and, subsequently, the author's place in the literary canon.

Genette argued that the paratext functions as an auxiliary to the main text and should be considered a subordinate.

Therefore, the paratext is defined as a set of practices and features that contribute to the discourse regarding a text.

Paratext: examples in Literature

The most obvious examples of paratext are book covers, dust jackets, title pages, preface, footnotes, author biography, or any textual or visual components that provide context for the main text. Book covers in particular provide visual cues and sometimes also include comparisons to well-known authors or recommendations from other established authors who have read the book. It is a common practice these days during reprints to add labels like 'international bestseller' to signal the success of a book.

Let's look at three of the most popular books of all time and how they were packaged using paratextual features.

The Harry Potter series (1997-2007)

The logo of the Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling is evidently stylised to reflect the fantasy elements in the books as well as their film adaptations.

Fig. 2 - The Harry Potter logo is stylised to capture the book's theme.

Arabian Nights

Originally known as One Thousand and One Nights, the Arabian Nights is a collection of folk tales translated into English and other languages in the 1880s. It was subsequently translated by John payne (1842–1916) and Richard Francis Burton (1821–1890). Set in the Middle East, the book covers often contain a visual aesthetic known as Orientalism.

Wuthering Heights (1847)

Many reprints of the Victorian novel Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte reflect the romantic story set against a Gothic backdrop, often using a silhouette of a house and a tree.

Fig. 3 Cover art of an Irish translation of Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights