Soliloquy

Soliloquy: characteristics

A soliloquy has some distinctive features that separate it from other kinds of dialogues and speech in a dramatic narrative. These features are discussed below:

• Single character – a soliloquy is always spoken by a single character. During this scene, no other character is present to observe the speaker as they launch into the soliloquy.
• True intentions – since there is no other character to observe them, the character uttering the soliloquy reveals their true feelings and intentions in the soliloquy. They no longer need to keep themselves in check and filter their speech.
• Internal conflict – the character delivering the soliloquy typically suffers from an internal turmoil that they feel the desperate need to resolve. By expressing their thoughts in a soliloquy, they try to work out this inner conflict.
• Character-driven narratives – soliloquies are most frequently used by playwrights for character-driven works. The narrative progresses because of the thoughts and actions of a particular character.
• Audience advantage – since soliloquies reveal the desires and motivations of certain characters to the audience; the audience has an advantage in knowing why a specific character behaves in a particular way, something other characters in the drama are largely unaware of.
• Blank verse – while soliloquies can be written in prose form, they are typically written in verse form, and specifically in blank verse.

Soliloquy: examples

Let us now explore some examples of soliloquies and how they bring out the features discussed above.

Hamlet (1599–1601)

Hamlet is one of Shakespeare's most famous tragedies, performed between 1599 and 1601, and first published in 1603. Below is the titular character's famous soliloquy:

In this scene, Hamlet is contemplating suicide. He walks the precipice of sanity and insanity after his father has been murdered by Hamlet's uncle, who usurps the throne and marries Hamlet's mother. Hamlet is grieved by the death of his father, and later confused by the appearance of his father's ghost, who tells him of his murder. His uncle is responsible for the King's death enrages Hamlet. Meanwhile, his relationship with Ophelia is also at odds and Polonius, Ophelia's father works as a spy for Hamlet's uncle.

Notably, the first line of this soliloquy is not written in the iambic pentameter. You will notice that it has an extra syllable at the end, disrupting the rhythm of the blank verse that most of the lines in the play are written in. This disruption is indicative of Hamlet's state of unrest and confusion. The soliloquy offers a window into his thoughts and his depression at being helpless. He does not know how to bring his uncle to justice and harbours resentment towards his mother, who he believes did not sufficiently mourn his father's death. Hamlet, in this soliloquy, reveals that he considers death to be a way out of all his troubles. The last line of this soliloquy is also not written in the iambic pentameter. It is much shorter, indicating that Hamlet's contemplations are cut short when a character suddenly makes an appearance.

Julius Caesar (1599)

This play is yet another one of Shakespeare's tragedies, first performed in 1599. Although it is best known for the line 'Et tu, Brute?' meaning – 'you too, Brutus?' to indicate the feeling of betrayal (Act 3 Scene 1), the play also includes some soliloquies that are crucial in underlining the motivations of the characters in the play. Here, we discuss two soliloquies from Julius Caesar.

These lines are spoken by Brutus when he is alone. He thinks about his conversations with other conspirators against Caesar, such as Cassius. Cassius manipulates Brutus into believing that Caesar will crown himself and go on to become a tyrant – a fate that the conspirators set out to prevent.

Brutus, concerned by the fate that awaits Rome because of Caesar's ambitions, experiences a monumental internal conflict that he voices in this soliloquy. He is Caesar's best friend and immensely respects and loves him. However, he weighs his love for Caesar against his love for Rome and finally decides that he must betray Caesar and prevent his ascension to the throne for the good of Rome. Since characters are honest about their thoughts in soliloquies, it is clear from Brutus' soliloquy that he does not do this for personal gain. This is crucial as at the end of the play, Antony remarks upon the death of the conspirators that it was only Brutus who was concerned about Rome, while the rest of the conspirators killed Caesar out of envy.

Mark Antony speaks these lines as he stands over Caesar's body. Antony has just made a deal with the conspirators to talk to the Roman public in their support to prevent unrest upon Caesar's murder. Afterwards, left alone with Caesar's body, Antony apologises to Caesar for joining hands with the conspirators, who he calls 'butchers'. In this soliloquy, he reveals his loyalty and love for Caesar and vows to avenge his death. He notes that Italy will see great 'fury and fierce civil strife' so the conspirators are brought to justice. Just as was the case with Brutus' soliloquy, Mark Antony's soliloquy too reveals that he does not go to battle with the conspirators out of personal gain but does so out of loyalty towards Caesar.

Soliloquy vs monologue

After learning about the soliloquy, you may wonder how it differs from a monologue.

A soliloquy is a long expression of a character's inner thoughts, i.e. time has come to a standstill in the narrative as the character reveals their innermost desires and musings to the audience. There is no 'action' to speak of during a soliloquy. Also, notably, all other characters except the one delivering the soliloquy are absent from the scene.

Soliloquy's influence

Through the examples discussed above and your own experiences with soliloquies, you may have realised the importance of a soliloquy in a dramatic work. A soliloquy offers a transparent window into the thoughts and desires of a character, which reveals attributes about the character that only the audience is made aware of and which remain concealed from other characters in the narrative. Sometimes, because the audience is aware of the circumstances, the playwrights may use the soliloquy to evoke specific responses from the audience and create a sense of foreboding. Hence, a soliloquy is an extremely popular literary device among playwrights.