Trope

Trope: rhetorical

Sticking to the figure of speech definition of a trope is a literary device that changes the literal meaning of words, the four key tropes are considered to be metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, and irony. This is due to their regular day-to-day use.

Trope: examples

Let's take a look at two of the most used rhetorical devices that are considered to be tropes in a little more detail.

Metaphor

A metaphor is similar to a simile but rather than directly comparing two things by using words like 'like' and 'as', the metaphor is indirect. Maya Angelou’s poem 'Awaking in New York' (1983) uses a simile:

In contrast, a metaphor compares 'A to B' without the use of connecting words like 'like' or 'as'. This can be used in many forms of literature from poems to plays and prose. A great example is Sylvia Plath’s poem helpfully titled 'Metaphors' (1959). The entire poem is a series of metaphors, with almost each line introducing at least one new one:

Irony

Irony has as many meanings as the word trope but in the context of literary devices, it can be more easily understood as either dramatic, situational, verbal, or structural irony.

Dramatic irony

Dramatic irony originated in Greek plays where it described a situation where the bigger picture was clear to the audience but not to all of the characters. An example of this can be seen in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet (1597), where the audience knows that Juliet is only drugged, while Romeo thinks she is dead. This is also an example of the sub genre: tragic dramatic irony.

Situational irony

Situational irony is a situation that ends up being an almost direct opposite of what was anticipated and is often amusing as a result. A not so amusing example of situational irony is the plight of the mariner in Samuel Taylor Coleridge's 'The Rime of the Ancient Mariner' (1798). The mariner finds himself at sea, surrounded by water, while dying of thirst.

Verbal irony

Verbal irony is similar to sarcasm where the speaker says the opposite of what they mean. Sarcasm is viewed as an unsophisticated or a more abrasive form of verbal irony, largely as it is used on a day to day basis in normal conversation. There are many examples of verbal irony in literature that can be spotted in Joseph Heller's Catch 22 (1961). A pretty famous line is directly related to the title and is an ironic commentary on needlessly petty or ineffectual bureaucracy.

Structural irony

Structural irony is often used to describe literature that uses an unreliable narrator or a naïve hero, allowing the author to show how the narrative’s viewpoint is flawed. Similar to dramatic irony, the audience becomes aware of the situation being shown by the author, while the narrator does not. The Chris Nolan film Memento (2000) is a classic example of an unreliable narrator. The protagonist and narrator has anterograde amnesia. This causes him to lose his short-term memory and the ability to form any new ones. His condition makes him an unreliable narrator but also assists in creating a plot that questions any objective 'reliability'.

Tropes: character tropes

Moving away from the literary device meaning and into the commonly used character types or motifs, it is worth looking at a few tropes that have become almost clichéd due to their ubiquity. Many of these are character tropes. These kinds of tropes can be useful to create relatable and accessible characters but can also risk creating characters that are flat or undeveloped beyond a stereotypical type. Let's look at a few literary examples.

The Chosen One

This character trope is most commonly found in fantasy and science fiction novels or films. The Chosen One is usually the protagonist whose personal development or journey is central to the plot. They are often selected or even volunteer for an arduous task or dangerous adventure. Literary examples that have been made into films include Katniss Everdeen in Suzanne Collin's The Hunger Games (2008), Harry Potter in J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series (1997–2007), Bilbo Baggins in J.R.T Tolkien's The Hobbit (1937), and Paul Atreides in Frank Herbert's Dune (1965). In cinema, examples include Neo from The Matrix (1999) and Cale from Titan AE (2000).

The Damsel in Distress

One of the oldest female tropes, this role is often referred to as existing purely to support the narrative of a hero coming to the rescue. Traditionally the hero was male. This may be a simplistic view of a multifaceted myth that survives until today, despite the greater levels of gender equality achieved by most modern societies. Older examples exist in the Brothers Grimm's fairy tales like Rapunzel (1812) and Snow White (1812). Mythic examples date back to examples like the Greek legend of Andromeda. Her beauty famously upset the sea nymphs, who then demanded her sacrifice as retribution.

Some more modern examples include Olive Oyl, who always needed to be rescued by Popeye, despite gaining her own spinach related superhuman strength. Popeye was a character in a famous cartoon that was popular during the 1930s and 1940s. Characters such as Sam Black Crow in Neil Gaiman's American Gods (2001) knowingly play with this trope. Sam needs help, in this particular case, a lift, but is also highly capable, aware and intelligent.

The Dumb Muscle

This well-worn trope is common across literature and film. Based on the misconception that it is not possible to be fit, muscular, and intelligent, the Dumb Muscle character is typically a secondary one. Usually, the protagonist outwits this character or the 'muscle' is merely a supporting role henchmen. Literary examples include Boxer from George Orwell's Animal Farm (1945). An example in novels and film where this trope is subverted is Conan the Barbarian (1953 - 1955), a muscular but tactical genius who speaks several languages. Terry Pratchett humourously played with this trope with his troll characters in Moving Pictures (1990):

Tropes: romance tropes

Within the romance genre, tropes are pretty ubiquitous. Romance as a theme or genre is not new but has remained popular since the days of the ancient Greeks, through the times of Shakespeare right up to current best-selling authors like Jasmine Guillory. Within the genre, a few age-old plot lines and situations have been reworked into newish versions or variations on the theme. Let's take a look at a few key romance novel tropes.

The Love Triangle

Designed to create tension and appeal most to those who like to pick a side, the love triangle usually involves two rivals competing for the love of the third person. Dating back to examples like the legend of King Arthur, whose wife Guinevere was cheating on him with his best friend, Sir Lancelot, the love triangle now has a few different permutations. Literary examples include D.H. Lawrence's Lady Chatterley's Lover (1928), which caused a scandal and was banned in the United Kingdom due to representations of an inter-class love triangle.

More recent examples include Sarah Water’s Tipping the Velvet (1998) which features a Victorian-era love triangle between three women, with the protagonist Nan choosing her partner more wisely the second time around. In mainstream teenage romcom films these love triangles are often linked to character tropes, so there may be a rivalry between 'polar opposites' such as the Bad Boy vs Nice Guy or the Nerdy Girl vs the Cheerleader. This trope within a trope has survived since the days of Grease (1978) up to the Rory, Dean and Jess triangle of the Gilmore Girls (2002-2007) series.

Enemies to Lovers

This romance trope was popularised by Jane Austen who took it mainstream with the publication of her novel, Pride and Prejudice (1813). In this novel, Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy take a disliking to each other due to her prejudice and his pride. Over the course of the book, these handicaps are overcome and the two fall in love.

Motivated by the idea that strong emotions beget strong emotions, with undercurrents of unresolved sexual tension, this hate-to-love story arc now exists in novels, films, and series. More recent examples include Buffy and Spike from the series Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1997–2003), who seemingly went from trying to kill each other to being completely in love.