Truman Capote

Truman Capote: novels and career

While still at Franklin, Capote began working for The New Yorker. He worked there for 2 years until he offended the poet Robert Frost and was unceremoniously fired. Undeterred, he began making a name for himself as a short story writer, getting published in magazines like The Atlantic Monthly, Harper’s Bazaar, Harper’s Magazine, and also The New Yorker. By 1946, he had won his first O. Henry award.

Fig. 1 - A young Truman Capote photographed by Carl Van Vechten.

His first novel and bestseller was Other Voices, Other Rooms (1948). This Southern Gothic coming of age novel follows the semi-autobiographical story of 13-year-old Joel Harrison Knox, who comes to terms with his homosexuality. The novel caused much controversy for its queer-themed content.

Homosexuality was still effectively illegal at the time. The cover's Harold Halma photograph of Capote also caused a stir for what was viewed as his suggestive pose and expression. Andy Warhol, a long term Capote fan, cited the photograph as being a major influence on his younger self, as well as his future style.

Critics approved of his writing and the publicity was good for sales, so the novel firmly established Capote as a well-known novelist. It was followed by another successful novel, A Tree of Night and Other Stories, in 1949 and the nonfiction, The Muses are Heard, in 1956.

The height of Capote's fame came after the publication of Breakfast at Tiffany’s (1958). As a comedy of manners, it was a detour from his previous work of Southern Gothic and non-fiction travel writing. His other hugely famous work is the True Crime novel, In Cold Blood (1966). As both are very famous and very different from any previous Capote works, these two books are worth looking at in a little more detail.

Truman Capote: Breakfast at Tiffany’s (1958)

Deceptively light and fluffy, this novel tells the sometimes salacious tales of Holly Golightly, whose real name is Lulamae Barnes. A flawed heroine, Holly is a mixture of naivety and knowingness. She is also often selfish, derogatory, and even what could be referred to as immoral in her quest to survive in post-war New York and then Argentina.

As a literary fiction style comedy of manners, the novel is far removed from the Southern Gothic style of Capote’s earlier work. Despite its surface appearances, for its time, the work is pretty daring in its exploration of Holly’s less than perfect life and largely unromantic character. Capote portrays her actions and circumstances unflinchingly but also with compassion and understanding.

Unusually, he makes use of a circular plot structure. Breakfast at Tiffany's begins and ends with the narrator wondering where Holly is and what she is up to.

With more somber themes of isolation, transience, and confinement mixed with those of the different types of love, freedom, and dreams, Breakfast at Tiffany’s is considered a modern mainstream classic. It was made into a major Hollywood film starring Audrey Hepburn, much to Capote’s disappointment. He had wanted Marilyn Monroe to play Holly and was highly critical of the film when it was released.

Truman Capote: In Cold Blood (1966)

Another stylistic deviation from Capote’s original direction, In Cold Blood is a True Crime novel about the murders of the Clutter family at River Valley Farm in Holcomb, Kansas in 1959.

Herb and Bonnie Clutter, as well as two of their children, Nancy and Kenyon were killed on November 15th. Two criminals drove 400 miles to rob them of a nonexistent $10,000, that was apparently hidden in a safe. The ex convicts, Perry Smith and Dick Hickock discovered that there was no safe, murdered the family and made off with $40.

Capote traveled from New York to interview the townspeople and the murderers for his book. Harper Lee came along as his 'assistant' but ended up crucially bridging the gap between the conservative, Middle American small townsfolk and the big city, openly gay Capote.

Another contrast or culture clash is reflected in Capote's portrayal of the America depicted by Mr. Cutter’s settled, moral dependability and the America of the rootless, criminal characters, Smith and Hickock. Capote’s close analysis of Perry Smith drew much admiration from some critics and also from author Norman Mailer. Even within one character, Capote's focus on contrasts is continued. Perry, depicted as a rounded and complex character, seemingly shows tenderness by putting a pillow under Kenyan’s head to make him comfortable, only to shoot him moments later. Both murderers were eventually hanged, with Capote staying in contact until the very end.

In Cold Blood was a runaway success. It made Capote into a household name and a wealthy man. Often considered by critics as one of the first works of New Journalism, In Cold Blood has also been critiqued for opportunistically creating facts and events that never actually happened.

Since its publication, In Cold Blood has been made into three major films and spawned an ongoing macabre form of tourism for the town of Holcomb.

Fig. 2 - Capote at the premier of In Cold Blood.

Truman Capote: the final years

After the publication of In Cold Blood, Capote spiralled downwards into a life of drug and alcohol dependency. He lost many long-term friends from Harper Lee to his group of society 'swans' after a series of tell-all publications and interviews that broke trusted confidences. His life partner, author Jack Dunphy, stuck by him but they lived largely separate lives in separate homes. After a 14 year hiatus, Capote's last book of short stories, Music for Chameleons, was published in 1980. It spent 16 weeks on the New York Times bestseller list and was a critical success.

Truman Capote died in Bel Air, Los Angeles on August 25th, 1984 from liver disease exacerbated by his drug intake. Despite Capote's flawed and often controversial life, he overcame a difficult childhood to become regarded as a seminal American author of the 20th century.