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Angela Carter: Nights at the Circus
Angela Carter was a British writer who was born in 1940 and died in 1992. She was known for her distinctive and unconventional writing style, and her works often explored themes of gender, sexuality, and identity.
Nights at the Circus is widely considered to be the most famous of Angela Carter’s novels and stories, and it was adapted for the stage in 2006. The novel won the esteemed 1984 James Tait Black Prize for fiction, which its judges attributed to the strength of Carter’s character creation and her energetic writing style. The narrative style, which uses an omniscient third-person narrator, allows the reader access to the thoughts, feelings, and perspectives of a variety of characters. This helps to ensure that many secondary characters are well-rounded, with fleshed-out backstories that explain their motivations.
Nights at the Circus belongs to the genre of magic realism and the literary movement of postmodernism. The narrative corresponds to the postmodernist characteristic of questioning absolute truth and reality. This is done through Jack Walser’s existential journey with the Shaman and the novel’s ambiguous ending, which questions the veracity of Sophia Fevver’s status as a winged woman.
Despite being set in the early 20th century, Nights at the Circus is often read as a commentary on contemporary issues, particularly those related to gender and sexuality. The novel was widely praised for its imaginative and ambitious storytelling and remains a favorite of many readers and critics to this day.
Nights at the Circus: summary
Check out the summary below of Nights at the Circus:
| Summary: Nights at the Circus | |
| Author of Nights at the Circus | Angela Carter |
| Published | 1984 |
| Genre | Magical realism, postmodernism |
| Summary of Nights at the Circus |
|
| List of main characters | Sophia Fevvers, Jack Walser, Lizzie, Mignon, The Shaman |
| Themes | Love and relationships, truth and deception, gender and performance. |
| Setting | London, St. Petersburg and Siberia, 1899 |
| Analysis |
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Set in 1899, the novel opens with the aerialiste Sophia Fevvers giving an interview to an American reporter called Jack Walser. After contracting yellow fever whilst travelling around the world reporting on war and disaster, he is taking a break from heavy topics to look at human interest angles.
Jack is invited into the aerialiste’s dressing room, where she tells him her life story. Sophia’s foster mother, Lizzie, interjects at points to add to the narrative. Sophia Fevvers makes the bold claim that she was hatched from an egg and has real, functioning wings.
She talks Jack through her early childhood in Ma Nelson’s brothel, after being left as a foundling in a box on the doorstep, nestled amongst straw and the smashed pieces of her shell. She also details her adolescence, which was marked by the unfurling of her wings and her perilous first flight.
Fevvers explains how, after Ma Nelson’s death, the brothel was inherited by her estranged brother and that the inhabitants burned it to the ground before leaving. Sophia and Lizzie go to stay with Lizzie’s family, where they experience a brief idyll helping in the family’s ice cream parlour.
Sadly, this happiness does not last as the family are plunged into poverty and illness. Desperate to help, Fevvers joins Madame Schreck’s Museum of Women Monsters. This is a type of brothel and place of voyeurism. The Madame is cruel and exploitative. Sophia works there alongside Fanny, who has an extra set of eyes for nipples, the Wonder, a woman with dwarfism who claims to have been fathered by a fairy, and several others. The Madame sells Fevvers to Mr Rosencreutz, who believes that she holds the power to youth and longevity. She manages to escape by jumping out of a window and flying to freedom.
Fig. 1 - The main character of Nights at the Circus is Fevvers, a woman who claims to have been born with wings.
Fevvers concludes her tale by explaining how she met the circus owner, Colonel Kearney, and became a professional aerialiste. Against his better judgement, Jack finds himself toying with the possibility that Fevvers may be telling the truth and that the safest place for a winged woman would be in the circus, where she could pretend to be a fake pretending to be real. Enthralled by Fevvers, the reporter persuades his boss to let him join the circus to report on it incognito. The circus’ next tour route is through Russia, where they will perform for the Tsar before finishing in Japan.
Jack Walser’s path crosses Fevver’s again after he rescues Mignon from a tiger attack. Just before the troop set off for Siberia, Sophia narrowly escapes from the clutches of a sinister Grand Duke, whom she decided to visit alone against Lizzie’s advice. Whilst travelling by train through rural Siberia, a group of bandits deliberately derail the train. All of the circus performers are led away by the bandits, except for Jack. Believing tabloid gossip that Fevvers was engaged to the Prince of Wales, they had hoped that she would be their emissary to the Queen of England.
The escaped inmates and equally oppressed former gaolers of a cruel institution for female murderers come across the train wreck. One briefly feeds Jack, who is in a state of confusion and amnesia following a head injury, but they leave him. Finding himself alone, Jack leaves the train wreck and wanders through the frozen Siberian forest until he comes across a Shaman. Believing the babbling stranger to be another Shaman’s lost apprentice, he takes him under his wing and teaches him his traditions.
Jack assimilates well to life as the Shaman’s apprentice, learning fragments of his language and having drug-induced visions. His memory slowly returns in fragments. Fevvers and Jack are reunited, and she helps him to remember who he is.
They marry, against Lizzie’s advice, and whilst in bed together, Jack asks her why she tried to convince him that she was the world’s only fully feathered intacta. This leaves the readership questioning whether or not Sophia Fevvers truly was a winged woman at all. What was her deception? Her wings, her virginity, or both?
Nights at the Circus: characters
The main characters in Night at the Circus include Sophia Fevvers, Jack Walser, Lizzie, Mignon, and the Shaman.
Sophia Fevvers
Sophia is one of the key characters of this novel. Her surname, Fevvers, is a reference to the smattering of soft, downy feathers she claims were present on her back as an infant. Throughout the novel, she claims to be the world’s only fully-feathered virgin. However, the truth of this is called into question at the very end. Her physical appearance is a key focus of the novel: she is tall, voluptuous, and glamorous with peroxide blonde hair and bold grease paint for her performances as an aerialiste. She dyes her wings a flamingo pink and has a hunchbacked appearance when they are concealed. She is interchangeably vulgar and eloquently spoken.
Jack Walser
Jack Walser is a well-travelled American reporter. He is a brave man who does the right thing when the situation calls for it, such as rescuing Mignon from a raging tiger and sending the stowaway child Ivan back to his grandmother. For most of his life, Jack experiences an emotional detachment from that very life. His experiences with the Shaman and his reunion with Sophia help him to start to live in the present. He finds love and happiness in his marriage to Sophia.
Lizzie
Lizzie is a former sex worker and an ardent feminist. She was not a successful sex worker due to her habit of talking about politics with her clients, so she became the brothel’s housekeeper. Lizzie is of Italian descent and speaks with a distinctive blended Italian-London accent. She has a close relationship with her family. Her own baby died shortly before Sophia was found on the brothel’s doorstep, so she was able to breastfeed her. The other women take on motherly roles towards Sophia, but Lizzie is her main caretaker. When Sophia becomes an aerialiste for a circus, she travels with her, assisting and advising her.
Mignon
Mignon survives a childhood and adolescence marked by abuse and tragedy. Her father murdered her mother after discovering evidence of her infidelity. He then drowned in a shallow pond whilst searching for the bread knife with which he had stabbed her. Mignon runs away from the orphanage to which she is sent, leaving her sister behind. She lives on the street, begging and stealing with a band of other homeless children, before being discovered by a con artist, Herr M, who exploits her sexually and financially.
Her next relationship, the marriage to the circus’s Ape-man, is physically abusive. The Ape-man murders her only friend. She is rescued by Jack after a tiger charged her and rejected by her husband, who believes her to have been having an affair with him.
Free from her abusive marriage, she grows in confidence, becoming a talented singer and dancer who performs alongside the Princess. The Princess is a piano-playing tiger-keeper with whom she falls in love.
The Shaman
The Shaman takes Jack Walser on as an apprentice. He is a kind man and begins to develop a father-son bond with him. Although he employs certain illusions to keep the local community assured of his powers, such as sleight of hand and voice throwing, he is no con artist. He believes these illusions are necessary to convince the community he serves of the truth of his diagnosis, such as malevolent spirits causing diarrhoea because they cannot see the spirit world. The Shaman is concerned that the traditions of his community, and his place in it, may be eroded by the increasing influences of outside societies.
Nights at the Circus: themes
The important themes in Nights at the Circus include love and relationships, and truth and deception.
Love and relationships
This novel focuses on the absence or presence of love in different types of relationships. The reader is presented with many nurturing relationships. Some of these blends the bonds between mentor and mentee and parent and child. Another key focus is the absence of love and the presence of abuse in many relationships. Finally, there are also romantic relationships that bring love and fulfilment.
| Nights at the Circus: Love and Relationships | |
|---|---|
| Types of relationships | People |
| Nurturing relationships |
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| Romantic realtionships |
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| Abusive relationships |
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Truth and deception
This theme runs throughout the novel, from bold claims to tricks and sleights of hand.
‘The spirits took forms visible, unfortunately, only to the Shaman himself so that, to keep his customers satisfied, he must equip himself with corporeal imitation of these malevolent forms and then he could be seen to have cast them out’ (‘Seeing is believing’).
The Shaman employs deceptions with the aim, not of tricking, but of revealing what he believes to be the truth.
‘Fevvers, only the one question … why did you go to such lengths, once upon a time, to convince me that you were the “only fully-feathered intacta in the history of the world”?’ She began to laugh. ‘I fooled you then!’
Sophia’s status as a winged woman is presented as truthful until the very end of the novel when this is called into question.
Do you think Sophia Fevver’s wings were real or a deception?
Nights at the Circus: genre
Like many of Angela Carter’s other stories, Nights at the Circus (1984) belongs to the genre of magic realism. It is set within the realistic and familiar settings of London and Russia. Within this believable setting are characters with magical features and abilities. These include not just human characters, such as the employees at the Museum of Woman Monsters, but a chimp (The Professor) and a pig (Sybil). These animals possess the intelligence of humans. The Professor negotiates pay through writing, and Sybil makes key business decisions for the Circus.
Feminist critique runs throughout the narrative, covering topics such as the male gaze, abuse and exploitation, truth and deception, and justice.
Magic realism refers to a subgenre of fiction that blends realist fiction and mundane elements with magical elements.
Key characteristics of magic realism in Nights at the Circus
- Realistic setting: it is vital that the setting is believable. The realistic nature of the setting has the function of helping the reader to suspend their disbelief and embrace the magical and fantastical elements of the story.
- Use of magic: this can take many forms, such as characters with magical abilities or magical creatures.
- Social commentary or critique: a hallmark of this genre is the critique of society. This could be aimed at a particular social class, a political movement, or a source of oppression.
Quotes from Nights at the Circus
Consider how Sophia subverts the Madonna-Whore complex in the quote below. Rather than being defined as one or the other, she is viewed paradoxically as both.
Nelson never brought me to the block so I was known to all the netherside of London as the Virgin Whore (Chapter 3).
Sophia learns about the male gaze during her childhood in the brothel, where she dresses up as Cupid and serves as a mascot.
I was nought but the painted, gilded sign of love, and you might say, that so it was I served my apprenticeship in being looked at – at being the object of the eye of the beholder (Chapter 2).
The novel is set in 1899, and Sophia is optimistic that the new century holds the promise of equality in romantic relationships between the sexes.
I’ll make him into the New Man, in fact, fitting mate for the New Woman, and onward we’ll march hand in hand into the next Century (Chapter 10).
At its heart, Nights at the Circus is a story about the power of performance to shape our understanding of ourselves and the world around us. Fevvers, with her wings and her larger-than-life personality, is the perfect embodiment of this idea. She uses her performance to challenge traditional ideas about femininity and masculinity and to carve out a space for herself in a world that is often hostile to those who do not conform to societal norms.
Nights at the Circus - Key takeaways
Nights at the Circus (1984) is a novel by Angela Carter, and belongs to the genre of magic realism.
The ending leaves the reader wondering whether or not Sophia Fevver’s wings were real or a deception.
The most common type of relationships explored in the novel are those between parent/mentor figures and their child/mentee.
The omniscient third-person narrator enables the reader to gain an understanding of different characters’ perspectives.
The novel critiques both patriarchy and capitalism through the presentation of male violence, abusive relationships, and the exploitation of employees.
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Frequently Asked Questions about Nights at the Circus
How long does it take to read Nights at the Circus?
Everyone reads at different speeds, but the average reader will take between 7 to 8 hours to read Nights at the Circus.
What genre is Nights at the Circus?
Nights at the Circus belongs to the genre of magic realism.
Who is the narrator of Nights at the Circus?
An unnamed omniscient third-person narrator is the narrator of Nights at the Circus.
How many pages is Nights at the Circus?
Nights at the Circus is 350 pages long.
How are women controlled in Nights at the Circus?
Women are controlled in Nights at the Circus in different ways. Mignon has a history of being controlled by men on whom she is dependent. She is financially and sexually abused by her employer, the con artist Herr M, and she is later domestically abused by her husband the Ape-Man.
Sophia Fevvers is controlled by poverty and capitalism. She undertakes undesirable employment in a Museum of Women Monsters out of necessity in order to help support her foster mother’s family.
Both the incarcerated women and their guards at Countess P’s institution are controlled by the Countess P. The judicial system has given the Countess power over the inmates. The methods used here are literal confinement for the prisoners and ownership of contractual agreements for the guards. Both are under constant surveillance.
Who wrote Nights at the Circus?
Angela Carter wrote Nights at the Circus and published it in 1984.
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