A Bird came down the Walk

'A Bird, came down the Walk': context

It is believed that Dickinson wrote 'A Bird, came down the Walk' in 1862, following a decade in her life that had been full of death. Her cousin, Sophia Holland, and friend, Benjamin Franklin Newton, had both died as had her close companion Reverend Charles Wadsworth. Dickinson’s mother had also become bedridden with illness during the 1850s, requiring the care of her daughters.

Throughout this period, Emily Dickinson began to extract herself from public life and limit her time away from home. 'A Bird, came down the Walk' was composed a year after ''Hope' is the thing with feathers' (1861) another Dickinson poem that focused on the power of nature – birds, in particular.

Historical context

Emily Dickinson grew up during the Second Great Awakening, which was a Protestant revival movement during the early nineteenth century in America. She grew up when this movement was in force and, although she ultimately rejected religion, the influence of religion can still be seen in her poetry.

Literary context

Emily Dickinson’s work is heavily influenced by the American Romantics – a literary movement that emphasised nature, the power of the universe, and individualism. This movement included writers such as Dickinson herself, as well as Walt Whitman and Ralph Waldo Emerson. During this movement, Dickinson focused on exploring the influence of nature on the mind and took an interest in writing about individuality through this lens.

Alongside the Romantic movement, the Transcendentalist movement was gaining immense popularity in America. Transcendentalism is a literary movement that believes in the divinity of nature (valuing nature as something holy). 'A Bird, came down the Walk' reflects these Romantic and Transcendentalist ideas by reflecting on the power of nature and its effect on human spirituality.

'A Bird, came down the Walk': poem

Below is the poem 'A Bird, came down the Walk' by Emily Dickinson.

'A Bird, came down the Walk': analysis

'A Bird, came down the Walk' is about the simultaneous beauty and brutality of nature. The speaker's experience with the bird shows the delicate harmony that exists in nature between beauty and danger, and this is reflected in the poem's form and content.

Fig. 1 - 'A Bird, came down the Walk' is noted for its use of personification which brings a sense of intimacy between the reader and the bird.

Form

'A Bird, came down the Walk' follows a common form found in many of Emily Dickinson's works. While there is no set form (such as an ode or sonnet), the poem is similar to a ballad because of its rhythm, rhyme scheme and meter. Ballads are typically sung, and their sing-song like quality is achieved through rhymes (alternating rhymes or rhyming couplets) and the use of the iambic foot.

Structure

There are five stanzas in 'A Bird, came down the Walk'. The stanzas are quatrains, as each stanza is comprised of four lines.

'A Bird, came down the Walk': rhyme scheme

Throughout 'A Bird, came down the Walk' there is a consistent ABCB rhyme scheme.

For example, in the first stanza above, 'Walk' and 'halves' do not rhyme, while 'saw' rhymes with 'raw'. Occasionally, this rhyme scheme uses slant rhyme to continue. We can see this in the final stanza of the poem below:

In this stanza, we see that 'Ocean' and 'Noon' still do not rhyme. However, 'seam' and 'swim' do not rhyme perfectly, and are, instead, slant rhymes.

Rhythm and Meter

'A Bird, came down the Walk' is written as two lines of iambic trimeter, followed by one line of iambic tetrameter and ends each stanza with another line of iambic trimeter.

Can you identify the meter in the second stanza of the poem?

In this stanza, there are six syllables (or three metrical feet) in the first two lines, followed by eight syllables (or four metrical feet) in the third line, and the final line of the quatrain reverts back to the initial six-syllable structure.

A Bird, came down the Walk: poetic devices

The main poetic devices in 'A Bird, came down the Walk' are dashes and caesuras, enjambment, imagery, alliteration, and juxtaposition.

Dashes and caesuras

One of the most notable features in Emily Dickinson's poetry is her use of dashes (–). These dashes are placed throughout the poem to break up lines of poetry, creating caesuras in the lines. The caesuras are used to form pauses that replicate how the bird pauses at different points of the poem.

Enjambment

In the last quatrain, the caesuras are replaced with enjambement as the bird flies away. As the bird takes flight, these dashes become less prevalent in the poem, showing how the animal's actions are more fluid when it is flying:

Imagery

Natural imagery is frequent in 'A Bird, came down the Walk', as it is the core theme of the poem. Dickinson uses figurative language such as similes to describe the path the bird takes as it eats, drinks and, ultimately, flies away after spotting the speaker. The imagery of nature is important in this poem, as it highlights the careful balance of danger and harmony that exists in nature.

Similes are used throughout the poem to create a visual representation of the mannerisms of the bird. Many of the similes in 'A Bird, came down the Walk' are found in the last two stanzas of the poem, as the speaker attempts to describe the way the bird flies away.

In particular, the simile 'Butterflies, off Banks of Noon, / Leap, plashless as they swim' demonstrates how the speaker finds the way the bird flies beautiful, as she compares it to the fluid motion of a ship sailing across calm waters. Similes are used to show the peacefulness that can exist in nature, even following the brutality of an animal eating and then rapidly fleeing away.

Alliteration

Alliteration is used throughout 'A Bird, came down the Walk' to create sounds that mimic the nature the poet is describing. This is seen following the bird's departure, when the speaker compares the flight of the bird to the ocean:

In the first line, the letter 'o' is repeated in 'Oars' and 'Ocean', and in the second line the letter 's' is repeated in the words 'silver' and 'seam'. Repetition here is used to create a harmony that contrasts with the tense moment in the stanza above (when the speaker frightens the bird away).

Juxtaposition

Dickinson uses juxtaposition to show the danger that exists in the natural world. In the first stanza, the poet describes an incident where the bird can be viewed as a predator as it kills the worm:

The worm is described as being eaten raw in two halves, demonstrating the brutality of the act the bird has committed. Here, the bird is being portrayed as a predator, something that is juxtaposed against the description of the bird later in the poem, when it is approached by the speaker:

The speaker's presence frightens the bird, who flees when it is made aware of her company. The bird's sudden departure shows that it is vulnerable here, as it is the prey when compared to a human. Dickinson uses this juxtaposition to show the brutality of nature, but also how suddenly things in nature can change.

Tone

The speaker in 'A Bird, came down the Walk' is fascinated by the behaviour of the bird, and this is reflected in the tone of the poem. There is a tone of curiosity and awe throughout the poem as the speaker observes the bird within nature.

Speaker

The speaker in 'A Bird came down the Walk' is focused on observing the bird that is in front of her. The bird allows her to think about nature as a whole, and she does this through the use of personification throughout the poem. The bird is an important figure in the poem due to the effect that it has on the speaker. The speaker personifies the bird to show the connection that she feels towards the animal. When she mentions its 'frightened eyes' in the third stanza, it is clear that the speaker identifies with the animal and feels empathy for it.

'A Bird, came down the Walk': themes

The main themes in 'A Bird, came down the Walk':

1. Nature and Its Creatures: The poem is a close observation of a bird and its behaviours, reflecting Dickinson's fascination and reverence for nature. The bird, in its natural setting, serves as a symbol of the purity and simplicity of the natural world.

2. Interconnection and Disturbance: The poem explores the delicate balance between human beings and nature. While the speaker is able to observe the bird's actions, the moment of connection is disrupted when the bird becomes aware of the speaker's presence, suggesting that human intrusion can disrupt the natural world.

3. Beauty and Awe: The poem also touches on the theme of the beauty of nature and the awe it inspires. The vivid and detailed imagery used to describe the bird's actions serves to emphasise this beauty.

4. Fear and Survival: The bird's reaction to the presence of the speaker brings up the theme of fear and survival in the natural world. The bird's seamless shift from a relaxed state to alertness and flight implies the constant undercurrent of danger that animals live with.

The key theme of 'A Bird, came down the Walk' is the importance and power of nature. The speaker is fascinated by the bird's behaviour and uses personification throughout the poem to explore the power of nature and what she feels it means. Dickinson uses the juxtaposition of the bird eating the worm contrasted against the bird fleeing when the speaker approaches to show the delicate balance of nature, where one can be both predator and prey at the same time. In doing so, Dickinson explores the simultaneous conditions of danger and peacefulness that are evoked by nature.