What is a word class?

A word class is a group of words that have similar properties and play a similar role in a sentence.

What are examples of word classes?

Some examples of how some words can function as more than one word class include the way 'run' can be a verb ('I run every day') or a noun ('I went for a run'). Similarly, 'well' can be an adverb ('He plays the guitar well') or an adjective ('She's feeling well today').

What are the nine word classes in English?

The nine word classes are; Nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, pronouns, determiners, conjunctions, interjections.

What is the purpose of a word class?

Categorising words into word classes helps us to understand the function the word is playing within a sentence.

What are parts of speech?

Parts of speech is another term for word classes.

What are the different groups of word classification?

The different groups of word classes include lexical classes that act as the building blocks of a sentence e.g. nouns. The other word classes are function classes that act as the ‘glue’ and give grammatical information in a sentence e.g. prepositions.

What word class is all, that, and the?

The word classes for all, that, and the is: 'All' = determiner (quantifier) 'That' = pronoun and/or determiner (demonstrative pronoun) 'The' = determiner (article)

Word Class: Meaning, Examples & Types Definition

Word class meaning and example

All words can be categorised into classes within a language based on their function and purpose.

An example of various word classes is 'The cat ate a cupcake quickly.'

The = a determiner
cat = a noun
ate = a verb
a = determiner
cupcake = noun
quickly = an adverb

Word class function

The function of a word class, also known as a part of speech, is to classify words according to their grammatical properties and the roles they play in sentences. By assigning words to different word classes, we can understand how they should be used in context and how they relate to other words in a sentence.

Each word class has its own unique set of characteristics and rules for usage, and understanding the function of word classes is essential for effective communication in English. Knowing our word classes allows us to create clear and grammatically correct sentences that convey our intended meaning.

Word classes in English

In English, there are four main word classes; nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. These are considered lexical words, and they provide the main meaning of a phrase or sentence.

The other five word classes are; prepositions, pronouns, determiners, conjunctions, and interjections. These are considered functional words, and they provide structural and relational information in a sentence or phrase.

Don't worry if it sounds a bit confusing right now. Read ahead and you'll be a master of the different types of word classes in no time!

All word classes	Definition	Examples of word classification
Noun	A word that represents a person, place, thing, or idea.	cat, house, plant
Pronoun	A word that is used in place of a noun to avoid repetition.	he, she, they, it
Verb	A word that expresses action, occurrence, or state of being.	run, sing, grow
Adjective	A word that describes or modifies a noun or pronoun.	blue, tall, happy
Adverb	A word that describes or modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb.	quickly, very
Preposition	A word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence.	in, on, at
Conjunction	A word that connects words, phrases, or clauses.	and, or, but
Interjection	A word that expresses strong emotions or feelings.	wow, oh, ouch
Determiners	A word that clarifies information about the quantity, location, or ownership of the noun	Articles like 'the' and 'an', and quantifiers like 'some' and 'all'.

The four main word classes

In the English language, there are four main word classes: nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Let's look at all the word classes in detail.

Nouns

Nouns are the words we use to describe people, places, objects, feelings, concepts, etc. Usually, nouns are tangible (touchable) things, such as a table, a person, or a building.

However, we also have abstract nouns, which are things we can feel and describe but can't necessarily see or touch, such as love, honour, or excitement. Proper nouns are the names we give to specific and official people, places, or things, such as England, Claire, or Hoover.

Cat

House

School

Britain

Harry

Book

Hatred

'My sister went to school.'

Verbs

Verbs are words that show action, event, feeling, or state of being. This can be a physical action or event, or it can be a feeling that is experienced.

Lexical verbs are considered one of the four main word classes, and auxiliary verbs are not. Lexical verbs are the main verb in a sentence that shows action, event, feeling, or state of being, such as walk, ran, felt, and want, whereas an auxiliary verb helps the main verb and expresses grammatical meaning, such as has, is, and do.

Run

Walk

Swim

Curse

Wish

Help

Leave

'She wished for a sunny day.'

Adjectives

Adjectives are words used to modify nouns, usually by describing them. Adjectives describe an attribute, quality, or state of being of the noun.

Long

Short

Friendly

Broken

Loud

Embarrassed

Dull

Boring

'The friendly woman wore a beautiful dress.'

Word class, Image of woman in dress, StudySmarter Fig 1. Adjectives can describe the woman and the dress

Adverbs

Adverbs are words that work alongside verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. They provide further descriptions of how, where, when, and how often something is done.

Quickly

Softly

Very

Too

Loudly

'The music was too loud.'

All of the above examples are lexical word classes and carry most of the meaning in a sentence. They make up the majority of the words in the English language.

The other five word classes

The other five remaining word classes are; prepositions, pronouns, determiners, conjunctions, and interjections. These words are considered functional words and are used to explain grammatical and structural relationships between words.

For example, prepositions can be used to explain where one object is in relation to another.

Prepositions

Prepositions are used to show the relationship between words in terms of place, time, direction, and agency.

Towards

Through

Into

With

'They went through the tunnel.'

Pronouns

Pronouns take the place of a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence. They often refer to a noun that has already been mentioned and are commonly used to avoid repetition.

Chloe (noun) → she (pronoun)

Chloe's dog → her dog (possessive pronoun)

There are several different types of pronouns; let's look at some examples of each.

He, she, it, they - personal pronouns

His, hers, its, theirs, mine, ours - possessive pronouns

Himself, herself, myself, ourselves, themselves - reflexive pronouns

This, that, those, these - demonstrative pronouns

Anyone, somebody, everyone, anything, something - Indefinite pronouns

Which, what, that, who, who - Relative pronouns

'She sat on the chair which was broken.'

Determiners

Determiners work alongside nouns to clarify information about the quantity, location, or ownership of the noun. It 'determines' exactly what is being referred to. Much like pronouns, there are also several different types of determiners.

The, a, an - articles

This, that, those - you might recognise these for demonstrative pronouns are also determiners

One, two, three etc. - cardinal numbers

First, second, third etc. - ordinal numbers

Some, most, all - quantifiers

Other, another - difference words

'The first restaurant is better than the other.'

Conjunctions

Conjunctions are words that connect other words, phrases, and clauses together within a sentence. There are three main types of conjunctions;

Coordinating conjunctions - these link independent clauses together.
Subordinating conjunctions - these link dependent clauses to independent clauses.
Correlative conjunctions - words that work in pairs to join two parts of a sentence of equal importance.

For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so - coordinating conjunctions

After, as, because, when, while, before, if, even though - subordinating conjunctions

Either/or, neither/nor, both/and - correlative conjunctions

'If it rains, I'm not going out.'

Interjections

Interjections are exclamatory words used to express an emotion or a reaction. They often stand alone from the rest of the sentence and are accompanied by an exclamation mark.

Oops!

Phew!

Ahh!

'Oh, what a surprise!'

Word class: lexical classes and function classes

A helpful way to understand lexical word classes is to see them as the building blocks of sentences. If the lexical word classes are the blocks themselves, then the function word classes are the cement holding the words together and giving structure to the sentence.

Word class, lexical class, functional class, StudySmarter Fig 2. Lexical and functional word classes

In this diagram, the lexical classes are in blue and the function classes are in yellow. We can see that the words in blue provide the key information, and the words in yellow bring this information together in a structured way.

Word class examples

Sometimes it can be tricky to know exactly which word class a word belongs to. Some words can function as more than one word class depending on how they are used in a sentence. For this reason, we must look at words in context, i.e. how a word works within the sentence. Take a look at the following examples of word classes to see the importance of word class categorisation.

The dog will bark if you open the door.

The tree bark was dark and rugged.

Here we can see that the same word (bark) has a different meaning and different word class in each sentence. In the first example, 'bark' is used as a verb, and in the second as a noun (an object in this case).

I left my sunglasses on the beach.

The horse stood on Sarah's left foot.

In the first sentence, the word 'left' is used as a verb (an action), and in the second, it is used to modify the noun (foot). In this case, it is an adjective.

I run every day

I went for a run

In this example, 'run' can be a verb or a noun.

Word Class - Key takeaways

We group words into word classes based on the function they perform in a sentence.
The four main word classes are nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. These are lexical classes that give meaning to a sentence.
The other five word classes are prepositions, pronouns, determiners, conjunctions, and interjections. These are function classes that are used to explain grammatical and structural relationships between words.
It is important to look at the context of a sentence in order to work out which word class a word belongs to.

Word Class

StudySmarter Editorial Team

Word class meaning and example

Word class function

Word classes in English