Social Dialects

Social Dialect in Sociolinguistics

The term social dialect comes from a field of study called sociolinguistics, the study of how society impacts language use. Sociolinguists called dialectologists have long studied the impact of regional differences on language variation. In the mid-1900s, several sociolinguists became interested in how linguistic variation can also be a result of social and cultural context. Thus developed the distinction between two main types of dialect: regional dialect and social dialect.

Examples of Social Dialects

African American Vernacular English, also known as Ebonics, is an example of a social dialect. In particular, it is an example of how ethnic identity can impact variation in language use. Ebonics is a non-standard dialect that has unique language features. For instance, it includes the following characteristics:

• Contractions like "ain't,"

• Omission the final constants of words like "han" vs. "hand."

• Use of double negatives/inversion of negatives like "Ain't nobody…"

While Ebonics is not an incorrect form of English, it has often been looked down on by upper-class, white Americans. Those in positions of authority have historically worked to keep it separate from their communities.

For example, teachers in elementary schools might tell students who use the words "ain't" to fix their grammar. Over time, the student might not speak the same way as other people in their community. The problematization of Ebonics demonstrates how racial tensions and forms of social discrimination can also impact social dialect.

Other examples of social dialects include:

• Cockney English which is characterized by features such as the use of rhyming slang, dropping the letter "h" in certain words, and using the glottal stop instead of the "t" sound in certain words.
• Southern American English which is characterized by features such as the use of the monophthongal vowel sound in words like "ride" and "time," the use of the word "y'all" as a second-person plural pronoun, and the use of the word "fixin'" as a colloquialism for "getting ready to."
• Yorkshire English which is characterized by features such as the use of the word "nowt" instead of "nothing," the use of the word "summat" instead of "something," and the use of the word "ey up" as a greeting.

Regional and Social Dialects

Social dialect is one of two main types of dialects. The other type of dialect is regional dialect. A person's regional dialect is how geographical locations, barriers, and discrepancies have shaped their language use.

Fig. 2 - Regional dialect differs from social dialect because it is based on geographic location, not social factors.

Factors Affecting Social Dialect

Multiple social factors impact people's dialects, and they tend to overlap. The following factors can all be considered when analyzing social dialect.

Age

Age influences social dialect because popular expressions change over time. Young people also tend to make up new slang (informal, shortened language) that older generations do not learn. For example, students in school might communicate with phrases like "no cap" that adults do not use.

Language use also tends to mature with age. Adults who exist in more professional environments than young people also cannot use informal language as frequently. Older people also have an advanced understanding of how to use language to achieve different goals and adapt to different social contexts.

Education

Education level, often connected with socioeconomic status, has one of the most significant impacts on social dialect. Children with lower education levels, especially in early childhood, tend to be slower in acquiring language than other children. It takes them longer to develop an advanced vocabulary and understand complex syntactical structures. Higher education levels also lead to the development of more formal vocabulary and the use of more advanced vocabulary. For example, people who attend college and post-graduate institutions will use more technical language than those who only study through high school.

Ethnic Background

The ethnic group or groups a person belongs to also shapes language use. Not to be confused with the physical socially-constructed label of race, a person's ethnicity is their social identity and accounts for factors like nationality, religion, and culture. A language variety that's specific to an ethnogroup is called an ethnolect.

Gender

Gender identity can profoundly impact other social factors in a person's life, like their social status and their level of education. As a result, gender identity can affect language patterns.

Socioeconomic Class

Socioeconomic class is one of the most important social factors in social dialect. A person's social class is their standing in society based on their socioeconomic status, which is a combination of their income, wealth, education level, and occupation. The financial gap between social classes in the United States is quite large today, which impacts what members of each class have in common, including language use. People in the United States typically fall into one of the following six classes:

1. Upper class - People who have inherited wealth through many generations.

2. New money - People with inherited wealth for just one or two generations and a high income.

3. Middle class - People with professional, "white collar" jobs like teachers, doctors, and lawyers, and typically have a college education.

4. Working class - People who work in "blue collar" jobs like truck drivers and factory workers, and typically have more technical training than college educations.

5. Working poor - People with a low educational level who work low-level jobs.

6. Poverty - People with a low educational level who work part-time, have low-income jobs, or are unemployed.

Fig. 3 - Socioeconomic class is social status based on wealth and income.

Depending on a person's class, they will use different vocabulary, slang, sentence structure, and grammar. For example, people from a higher social class tend to have more access to education and thus learn the evolving, more formal features of a language. Meanwhile, people who belong to lower social classes typically have less access to education; as a result, they retain older features of a language.

Those in lower social classes also tend to work jobs that accept the use of informal communication and slang. People who work in white-collar jobs or exist in the elite circles of the upper and new money classes typically don't find settings that accept such a combination. As a result, those in the upper class will use different vocabulary and syntax than those in the lower classes.

Occupation

A person's profession profoundly impacts one's language use, particularly because of the unique vocabulary associated with one's job. Jargon (words and phrases used in certain occupations) differs among the type of job and level of job a person has. For instance, doctors use a lot of medical jargon that people from other professions would not use. They shorten complex medical terminology to streamline communication between one another. Someone from another profession, like a lawyer, would not use such phrases and find it challenging to communicate with those who do.

Fig. 4 - Different occupations use different jargon.

¹ Basil Bernstein. Class Codes, and Control. 1971.