False Dichotomy

False Dichotomy Argument

Some sets of choices are actual dichotomies. For instance, you can either have a sip of water right now or you can choose not to. To be a true dichotomy, you can’t help but choose one option or the other. You must fall under one category or another.

On the other hand, the false dichotomy frames a choice like a true dichotomy, but in reality, you can choose “none of the above.”

Here’s a simple example of a false dichotomy.

Even giving the dam project the benefit of the doubt—that it will indeed counter drought conditions—it does not mean that a vote against the dam project is a vote in favor of drought conditions. For instance, the dam might favor one particular region’s drought relief over another. The dam project might impose on native land. The dam might impact wildlife. The dam might cost too much. Someone might think that better solutions exist.

In reality, a vote against the dam project is merely a vote against the dam project for some reason. That reason is probably not to explicitly doom the Western US to drought conditions.

Fig. 1 - There are often more than two things to consider about an issue.

So what makes the false dichotomy a logical fallacy?

The Logical Fallacy of False Dichotomy

To understand why the false dichotomy is a logical fallacy, you first need to understand validity and soundness.

For an argument to be valid, its conclusion must simply follow from the premises. For the argument to be sound, it must be both valid and true.

This example demonstrates how a false dichotomy breaks down.

This dichotomy is valid because the conclusion (that anyone against the dam project wants continued drought) follows from the premise (that a vote against the dam project is a vote for continued drought). However, this dichotomy is not sound, because the premise is not true (because, in fact, there are other reasons to vote against the dam).

Fundamentally, the false dichotomy is a logical fallacy because it is untruthful, which means it cannot be used in a logical argument.

False Dichotomy in Persuasive Writing

False dichotomies are dangerous. In essays and other forms of persuasive writing, false dichotomies can influence a readership to see the subject in terms of right and wrong, yes and no, when in reality the issue is deeper than that. False dichotomies engender anger, limit debate, and bring change to a standstill.

Say that a writer argues that you either appreciate Shakespeare or you do not appreciate literature. If this writer is able to convince his audience that this is true, then a kind of elitism now exists among that group. People who favor the literature of non-Western cultures, or who simply hold a different opinion on his plays, will be said to “not appreciate literature,” even when this assumption is untruthful. If such a notion becomes ingrained, it will be difficult to change.

Fig. 2 - False dichotomies stifle debate and ideas.

When someone frames something in terms of “you’re in or you’re out,” be wary. Do not be party to elitism, classism, or gatekeeping.

False Dichotomy Example (Essay)

Here is an example of how the false dichotomy could appear in an essay.

This essay passage presents a false dichotomy because someone could argue that Misato is both of these things and more. One person’s patriot might be another’s villain, so it is important not to force an extreme choice onto the readers in this situation.

Instead of creating a false dichotomy, this writer could have simply argued their point that Misato is a patriot. This would be much better, because this argument could acknowledge and counter aspects of the opposite opinion—opening up the floor to healthy debate—instead of falsely and outright rejecting the opposing view (and any view in between) as incorrect.

Tips to avoid false dichotomy in your essay

Here are three ways to avoid creating a false dichotomy in your own essay writing.

Consider the other side of an argument. Before dismissing someone’s argument as incorrect, consider if they make any good points. Don’t write off an idea as “the opposite of the truth” without serious examination.

Don’t force your readership to pick sides. When you present a choice to your reader to “join or not join” you, you might be committing the fallacy of false dichotomy. Instead, present your argument and then allow your reader to develop their opinion organically.

Consider the grey area, the common ground. Before you split something into two camps, examine what these “camps” might have in common. If two camps share anything in common, then you cannot accurately split the camps in two. To do so would be false, inflammatory, and potentially dangerous. People are entitled to diverse opinions, and not all ideas and solutions are mutually exclusive.

False Dichotomy Synonym

The false dichotomy is also called the false dilemma or false dilemma argument.

A false dichotomy is not the same as a hasty generalization. While false dichotomies can be hasty and lead to generalizations, the hasty generalization fallacy does not split ideas into two camps. Rather, when someone commits a hasty generalization, they reach a conclusion using insufficient evidence.