Abstract

Abstract Definition

An abstract helps someone understand your research.

An abstract is a summary of a paper that authors include after the title page and before the introduction. When writing formal research papers, dissertations, and professional papers, writers need to create abstracts. In less than 300 words, an abstract informs readers of the research motive, the investigation, the findings, and their importance.

Types of Abstracts

There are several types of abstracts, which vary in length and content. These include informative abstracts, descriptive abstracts, critical abstracts, and highlight abstracts.

Informative Abstracts and Their Characteristics

The most common type of abstract writers and researchers use is the informative abstract. Informative abstracts are approximately 250 words in length, and they provide the reader with a summary of the main concepts of the research, the research methodology, conclusions, and recommendations based on the research.

How to Write an Informative Abstract

The informative abstract should be the last part of a researcher's paper. It is impossible to write a comprehensive abstract unless the researcher has already gone through the research process and reflected on the limitations and implications of the research findings. There are several vital pieces of information that writers need to include in an abstract:

1. The purpose of the research. Writers should start their abstract by explaining the aims of their research. They should state the main topic and why they wanted to study it. This may include social or historical context, but not too much.

2. The research question. Writers should state what research question or questions they asked about the main topic.

3. The methodology. Writers should then explain how they went about conducting their research. They should briefly describe the procedures they used to perform research but not provide any analysis about the effectiveness of those procedures.

4. Research findings. Writers should then briefly summarize what their research showed. This section should be a short summary of the main conclusions and not describe any nuances.

5. Conclusions and recommendations. Writers should wrap up their abstract by stating the answer to their research question. They might also mention implications or the need for further research.

Keywords

Sometimes writers will include keywords at the bottom of an abstract. Writers typically include keywords when writing a paper for a professional publication, such as a scholarly journal. If writers choose to include keywords, they should identify the core concepts of their research that other researchers might search for and put those words in a list. For example, in the sample abstract below, the author's research question is about medical students. Thus, "medical school" and "academic performance" are listed as keywords. Abstracts typically have three to five keywords.

Descriptive Abstracts and Their Characteristics

Writers also commonly use descriptive abstracts. Descriptive abstracts are similar to informative abstracts in content but shorter in length. They are typically about 100 words and include only the main focus of the study, not the conclusion and recommendations.

Critical Abstracts and Their Characteristics

Critical abstracts are much longer than descriptive and informative abstracts. They tend to be around 450 words long and include a lot of analysis, such as points about a study's validity or reliability. Critical abstracts are often used in social science research.

Highlight Abstracts and Their Characteristics

Highlight abstracts are uncommon. Their purpose is to hook the reader's attention, not inform the reader about the paper with a useful summary. Highlight abstracts emphasize what is unique about the research, such as important conclusions or results.

Abstract Example

The following is an example of what an informative abstract looks like.

Most abstracts look visually similar to this example, StudySmarter.

The Importance of Abstracts

Abstracts are also important because they tell readers how the paper they are about to read will be organized. Reading long academic papers with complex methodologies can often be confusing. The paper's abstract can serve as a frame of reference for readers, as they can refer back to it to understand the researcher's main aims and process.

Reading other researchers' abstracts can be a useful way to quickly identify the information in a source for one's own research. For instance, imagine a writer is tasked with crafting a literature review that is an overview of all recent and relevant literature in a specific field. This can be an overwhelming task, especially if the field has a lot of research. Reading abstracts of potential sources can help speed up the research process because it tells researchers exactly what others have asked and found on a topic. To use an abstract to identify relevant research, writers should ask:

• Is this paper's research question relevant to the question that I am asking?

• Does the methodology of this study align with the types of studies I'm interested in?

• Do the findings of this study provide valuable insight into this field?

Fig. 2 - Abstracts can save researchers time when they have a lot of papers to review.

If the answers to all of the above questions were yes, then the research is likely worth reading in full to identify if it can contribute to one's research process. If the answer to one or more of these questions is "no," a researcher can move on and look for other relevant studies.