Etymology

Etymology of Words

The etymology of a word typically starts with the main word, known as the root, which is where the majority of the meaning comes from. Take, for example, the word beautiful; the root word is beauty.

Fig. 1 - Think of the root of a word like the root of a tree: tree roots give life and word roots give meaning.

Once you know the root word, you can decipher the meaning of the additions made to the word. When you add the suffix -ful to the root word beauty, you get a word to describe something "full of beauty." Once you know information like this, it's easier to work your way backward to investigate the word and its etymology further.

When the root word and additions are identified, etymology can further investigate its history to determine if its components have roots in other languages.

English, for example, is a West Germanic language, meaning it’s a branch of language that originated in Western Eurasia. Through its evolution, though, English adopted many Latin words—about 60% of English words have a Latin origin—and has continued the tradition of welcoming words from different languages and dialects.

Etymology chronicles these changes. There are three basic ways a word can change:

Modifications

Modifications happen when the use of the word creates some desired change. Whether it’s to make the word easier to say or any other reason to make it “user-friendly,” modifications happen over time as the word is used repeatedly.

A modern English speaker would rarely say, “I read your memorandum.” They would more likely say, “I read your memo,” because this word was modified over time for ease of use.

Semantic Changes

Semantic changes are those that alter the actual meaning of a word.

Where the word mouse used to only mean a small rodent, today, a mouse might also mean a computer mouse. Some words shift in meaning to accommodate changes in social connotation (think: the connotation of calling someone a “maid” instead of “housekeeper”). Words can also shift function to become a new part of speech (think: “buck up” means to boost morale, instead of the literal meaning of the two words individually).

Borrowing

Many languages borrow words from one another to express something native to a particular culture.

As previously mentioned, English has borrowed many words from other languages to create new words over time.

Most often, the language adopting the word will alter the sound slightly to help the word sound more natural in its new context. This accounts for words that might look and sound similar, and mean the same thing across several languages.

Etymology in Linguistics

Many Linguists agree that linguistic research begins and ends with etymology. While etymology doesn’t specifically seek to uncover how particular words evolve, it is a necessary tool to answer this question.

Simply put: etymology illuminates the changes in language, while linguistics seeks to make connections and understand the changes over time.

Etymology is closely related to derivational morphology.

Derivational morphology is the study of these sub-word components that are capable of creating a new word or changing the grammatical category of the root word.

With the addition of the derivational morpheme -ful, it becomes masterful, an adjective that describes someone or something as proficient. Add another derivational morpheme, -ly, and you get the adverb masterfully.

Now that you've broken the word down into its singular parts, you might begin an investigation of the etymology of the root word. The root word master is a verb meaning to have command over something, and it originates with the Latin term magister.

The suffixes -ful and -ly have their own etymology. The suffix -ful comes from the Old English adjective full, meaning "full of" or "characterized by fullness." The suffix -ly is actually a contraction of the word like meaning "in such a manner," which originated in English as the adjectival suffix -lice in early Middle English.

Etymology Examples

The specific etymological details are different for every word used in a language. Here are some examples.

Fig. 2 - The light brown color of a cappuccino is the inspiration for its name.

Italian Capuchin friars were a group founded in the 16th century and known for their lifestyle of simplicity and poverty. Their attire was also of note, as it was a simple brown robe with a long hood called a cappuccio. When the Italian drink came along, it was dubbed ‘cappuccino’ because of its color and how it resembled the robe of the Capuchin monks.

A valuable commodity for health and living, salt was used in ancient times as payment for goods and services.

This is an example of an ancient concept—paying laborers for their work—living through the centuries with little change to the word itself. The meaning has only changed in the sense that in the modern day, you’re unlikely to find salt as the currency.

The late middle English word example was born to communicate the concept of taking something out of a larger group to use it as an instance against which to measure other things.