What are the primary hazards associated with earthquakes?
The primary hazards associated with earthquakes include ground shaking, surface rupture, landslides, liquefaction, and tsunamis. Ground shaking can cause structural damage and collapse. Surface rupture occurs when fault movement breaks through the Earth’s surface. Tsunamis, triggered by underwater earthquakes, can lead to widespread coastal devastation.
How can buildings be designed to withstand earthquakes?
Buildings can withstand earthquakes by incorporating flexible materials, seismic base isolation systems, and cross-bracing to absorb and dissipate seismic energy. Reinforced concrete, steel frames, and the use of shock absorbers can also enhance structural stability. Designing buildings with a strong foundation and symmetrical shape helps prevent collapse during shaking.
What measures can individuals take to prepare for an earthquake?
To prepare for an earthquake, individuals should secure heavy furniture, have an emergency kit, create a family communication plan, and practice “Drop, Cover, and Hold On” drills. Additionally, they should identify safe spots in each room and ensure their home is structurally sound.
How are earthquakes measured and classified?
Earthquakes are measured using the Richter scale, which quantifies the seismic energy released, and the Moment Magnitude Scale (Mw), which assesses total energy. They are classified by magnitude and intensity, with the Modified Mercalli Intensity scale describing observed effects and damage. Seismographs record the seismic waves for analysis.
What is the difference between magnitude and intensity in earthquakes?
Magnitude measures the energy released at the earthquake's source, using a scale like Richter or moment magnitude (Mw). Intensity measures the earthquake's effects at specific locations, described by scales such as the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) scale, and varies based on distance from the epicenter and local conditions.