India’s Environmental Issues

Deforestation and desertification

Deforestation is happening at an alarming rate in India due to making space for agriculture and reservoirs, logging, urbanisation, and forest fires.

As a result of deforestation, loss of biodiversity, flooding, soil erosion, and climate change are caused. This can lead to desertification, which 25% of India is facing, and 32% of the land is experiencing degradation, which affects agriculture, food security, and livelihood.

Pollution in India

Pollution has become a serious issue in India. Let's take a look at the different types of pollution in India.

Water pollution

Water pollution is a significant issue in India. Untreated sewage entering surface and groundwater sources and polluting the water is a daily problem. The lack of capacity to treat the amount of sewage is due to the government-owned treatment plants closed with a lack of staff and electricity. This causes unhygienic conditions and affects the livelihood of residents. Water pollution in the Ganges has made it one of the top ten most polluted rivers. Urbanisation along the river has caused over 100 towns and cities to put their sewage into the river. Less than one-third of sewage is treated before entering waterways. Apart from untreated sewage, industrial and agricultural waste makes its way into the rivers and lakes. Fertilisers and pesticides affect the ecosystems in the rivers and lakes. Flooding during the monsoon season can cause further damage as the water can reach solid waste, causing contamination of soils, rivers, and wetlands.

Air pollution

Coal and oil are primarily used for fuel, along with biomass burning; air pollution from vehicle emissions and traffic congestion is a serious issue.

Biomass is a traditional fuel for rural areas, and 90% of domestic energy is produced from fuelwood, crop waste, and dung cake. India is the world's largest biomass consumer, such as fuelwood and agricultural waste, for energy purposes. Burning these for energy purposes releases carbon dioxide and adds to the Asian brown cloud, a layer of air pollution covering parts of South Asia. Vehicle emissions are also adding to air pollution in India. The government has introduced schemes to support electric and hybrid vehicles and is testing cleaner fuels for buses.

Fig. 1 - Air pollution in Delhi

Waste management in India

Waste management in India has become a growing problem as urbanisation, industrialisation, and economic growth have resulted in increased waste production. It is common to see rubbish in urban and rural areas, a major pollution source.

Fig. 2 - Waste in the canals of Chennai

Solid waste management is poor, and 90% of residual waste is dumped rather than disposed of properly in landfill, which affects public health, the environment, and the economy. To try to better the situation, the Supreme court directed Indian cities to place a comprehensive waste management program in 2000 that involved separating types of waste, recycling, and composting. However, this was ignored, and none of the cities took on the direction. It is estimated that 40% of domestic waste is uncollected, as waste collection employees are unionised government workers that are not monitored. There are only a few landfills, and when they overflow, they become breeding grounds for flies, mosquitoes, cockroaches and rats, and diseases such as pests.

India’s water crisis

India's water crisis is so severe that almost 600 million of its population are deprived of water. Many of its cities, such as Delhi, Bangalore, Hyderabad, and Chennai, have exhausted their groundwater resources. This results from a lack of government planning, increased corporate privatisation, industrial and human waste polluting water sources, and government corruption. The government has been working on the availability and quality of municipal drinking water systems; however, rural areas are often left out, and the fast growth of urban areas has made it hard to keep up with, so government solutions become compromised by privatisation.

Addressing India's water crisis

The government is addressing the depletion of groundwater resources and has created a national groundwater program, the Atal Bhujal Yojana, which will help groundwater management in seven states. The program helps villagers understand their water availability and usage patterns to adjust how much they use. There is also the Jal Jeevan Mission that the government is working on with the state. The aim is to bring safe water on a regular and long-term basis to all rural households by 2024. In Chennai, wastewater is being recycled to be used in industry and has two water treatment plants to recycle 20% of the sewage.

Climate change in India

India is the third-largest emitter of carbon dioxide, after the US and China. This is due to rapid growth in population and the economy relying heavily on burning biomass and fossil fuels such as coal and oil. This is contributing to climate change and affecting the country in many ways.

Impact of climate change in India

The rise in temperature is causing the Himalayas glaciers to retreat, leading to the country's major rivers, such as Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Yamuna, having less water. Heat waves can cause temperatures of 50 degrees, as recorded in 2019, and lead to deaths. It is also affecting farm labour productivity.

Climate change is affecting the monsoon, which is vital to farmers as they depend on rain. The monsoon season is usually from June till September and brings rain which helps grow crops. However, climate change has disrupted the monsoon, and now the season is wetter, causing floods and spreading pollution. There is also more erratic weather, with examples of cyclones Tauktae and Gulab in 2021 and uneven rainfall during the monsoon months.

Fig. 3 - Fallen banyan tree due to Cyclone Tauktae

Sea level rise also affects the northeastern states such as Meghalaya and low-lying islands in the Sunderbans. If the sea level continues to rise due to climate change, it is seen that residents of those areas will have to move.

Sustainable development and environmental issues in India

The government has reacted and has put into place sustainable developments towards the many environmental issues in India. In relation to the issues with energy, there is the National Energy Plan which is working with the Paris Agreement to keep the rise of temperature below 2 degrees.

India also has a national plan; the National Action Plan on Climate Change has several goals, such as covering one-third of the country with trees and forests, increasing renewable energy, and maintenance of disaster management. Other initiatives, such as the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution, promote reducing emissions by a third by 2030 and changing to renewable energies such as wind, solar, and hydropower.

Environmental policy in India

The National Green Tribunal was set up in 2010 because the well-being of residents is affected by the quality of the environment,

The Tribunal has a "polluter pays" principle, which is a system where the people causing the pollution are the ones who have to pay to clean it up. They have helped clean up cities in India by recycling e-waste, promoting the use of the metro instead of diesel cars, and checking on industrial waste. However, recently the Tribunal has been struggling with a lack of human resources and support.