Social Development of India

Changing population structure

According to the demographic transition model and the five stages of development, India is in the third stage.

Life expectancy in India has drastically improved since the 1950s when the average was 35.21 years, and now, in 2022, an average of 70.19 years. This is due to more healthcare facilities, accessibility to medical care, and clean water, which lead to fewer deaths. The population structure is changing with the rise in life expectancy. There are fewer young people and more older people who can work, leading to a more extensive workforce with fewer dependants.

Changing workforce

There is also a change in the nature of the workforce, as the middle class is growing. There are four types of jobs, primary, which is getting raw materials from the land; secondary, which is processing the raw materials; tertiary which is providing a service; quaternary, which is ICT and research. The main type of industry was primary up until the 1980s. In the late 1980s, transnational corporations were encouraged, leading to factories being built and growth in secondary jobs in manufacturing. As the factory workers made more money, they could afford services such as healthcare and entertainment. With the secondary and tertiary industries growing, more of the population became middle class. This means that people are making more money and can afford material goods such as cars and washing machines.

Rising adult literacy

Literacy is essential in social development as being able to read and write is vital for comprehending and communicating, which is needed for human development. The adult literacy rate is used to measure adult literacy.

The adult literacy rate in India in 2018 was 74.4%, a significant improvement from 48.2% in 1991; it grew at an average of 11.78% annually. The growth in numbers is linked to the rising numbers of female literacy over the years and national initiatives of free learning and reading programmes provided in rural areas for men and women.

The Constitution of India has implemented educational rights to provide education to all. In particular, actions that include the education of minorities, free and compulsory education, and equality of opportunities in educational institutions are a part of the Constitution to try and help with adult literacy.

Social indicators of development in India

Social development indicators (SDI) in India include the social progress index (SPI) and the human development index (HDI). However, these indicators are the average for the whole country.

Social development index of India

The social development index is based on three indicators, basic human needs, foundations of well-being, and opportunity. Basic human needs cover nutrition and basic medical care, water and sanitation, shelter, and personal safety. The foundations of well-being cover access to basic knowledge, information and communications, and environmental quality. Opportunity relates to personal rights, personal freedom and choice, tolerance and inclusion, and access to advanced education.

Fig. 2 - Global Social Progress Index 2020 map

In 2020, India was 117th out of 163 countries, with an SPI score of 56.80. Areas in which there is social progress are shelter and access to information and communication. From the results, it can be seen that there has been an increase in affordable housing and accessibility to online governance. The areas which need improvement are the environmental challenges such as pollution that India faces from the growing industrial sites.

Human development index

The Human development index (HDI) is often used as an index for the development of a country and measures social aspects of a healthy life, being knowledgeable, and having a decent standard of living. They use four indicators: the average length of schooling years, literacy rate, gross national income (GNI), and life expectancy.

Fig. 3 - A world map of the human development index in 2020

India's HDI in 2019 was 0.645 and 131th out of 189 countries. The two particularly strong indicators are life expectancy and schooling. Between 1990 and 2019, life expectancy has grown by 11.8 years, the average length of schooling has increased by 3.5 years and expected years of schooling increased by 4.5 years.

Social impacts of rapid development in India

Not all social impacts of rapid development were positive. There are negative and positive social impacts because of rapid development. Let's dive into both!

Positive social impacts of rapid development

Positive social impacts of rapid development can be seen in the improvement of healthcare and clean water leading to higher life expectancy and lower death rates. Literacy levels are rising due to the government putting energy into education for all. India has attracted transnational companies such as Toyota, Volvo, and Hyundai, which produce cars and create jobs for the local people. They also invest in new facilities and infrastructure for the surrounding communities.

Negative social impacts of rapid development

The negative social impact of rapid development can be seen in the pollution created by the factories, such as a soft drink bottling plant in Kerala, contaminating water supplies. There is also a problem of being unable to keep up with the growing demand for affordable housing for recent migrants from rural areas. There is a lot of pressure on transport systems and job opportunities, leading to people working long hours in poor conditions with low pay.

Areas of social development in India

Although social development in India is improving, there are still areas with development potential.

Uneven development

Looking at India's social development across the country, we can see that not all areas are evenly developed. The south and west of India are more developed than the north and east. There are a couple of reasons for this disparity. Coastal locations have the advantage of being linked to trading routes, such as Mumbai, compared with landlocked places like Bihar. The south and west developed large container ports, which led to an even larger gap as these areas gained importance in a globalised market. The south and the west have a naturally low fertility rate. For example, in Kerala in the south, the fertility rate is 1.8, slightly higher than in the UK. The Green Revolution was happening the most in the south and the west and helped those areas to thrive.

Fig. 4 - Human Development Index map of India, 2022

Gender inequality

India has ranked low at 135th of 146 countries in the gender gap report from the World Economic Forum, showing the gender-based inequalities affecting women. This report looks at four key areas of the gender gap: economic participation and opportunity, educational attainment, health and survival, and political empowerment.

From this report, it can be seen that health and survival, and political empowerment were particular areas that scored lower than other countries. For health and survival, gender-based violence and healthcare for women not being prioritised are issues. There is not enough representation of women in government institutions for political empowerment.