Energy Supply

Factors affecting energy supply

There are four main factors affecting the increasing energy supply. The first is the growing global population, with approximately 7.8 billion people on Earth, which is expected to rise to 9.5 billion by 2050. Everybody needs to use energy in some form to survive, so the energy demand will keep increasing.

Secondly, the economic development of a country relies on people working in factories and offices which run using energy. As there is more development, more factories, offices, and energy will be used.

The third reason would be that the standard of living in newly emerging economies (NEEs) like India are improving, so people can buy cars and electronic appliances for their homes leading to considerable growth in energy consumption at a country level.

Lastly, developing new technologies means more chances of people using more energy. As mobile devices and computer usage has increased, energy demand is also increasing.

Importance of energy supply

Energy supplies are needed to power homes and businesses, connect communities, provide safe water and promote economic and human development. This means that it is important to have an energy supply.

So why is it essential to keep up with the increasing energy demand? The lack of energy supplies can lead to countries having energy insecurity and problems.

Energy insecurity can cause conflict. For example, when a river flows through many countries and the country upstream builds a dam to generate hydroelectric power (HEP), this could affect the country downstream and leave them with less water.

Energy resources use valuable farmland, and the growing biofuel market uses crops to be grown for fuel instead of food. This causes food shortages and pushes the prices of food up. Industrial output relies on energy, so when there is a short supply of energy, the more expensive it is, the more expensive manufacturing gets.

Strategies to increase energy supply

There are many strategies to increase energy supply as demand increases and existing fuel supplies run out. Let's look at two approaches to producing energy, renewable and non-renewable, and how both are explored to increase energy supply.

Renewable energy source

Renewable energy is an energy source that is replenished and not exhausted.

It is seen as a more expensive and less efficient way of producing energy than fossil fuels. However, the government offers subsidies because they don't exhaust fuels like fossil fuels and are a more sustainable way of creating energy.

Wind power

Wind turbines use the air movements of wind to generate electricity. The UK has consistent wind speeds, so wind power is an excellent way to create energy. The wind turbines on land (onshore) generate more wind energy; however, as the UK is an island nation, it could build more turbines in the sea (offshore). Building wind turbines cost more to build in the sea than onshore.

Wave and tidal power

Wave power uses the smaller movements of the sea's surface to generate energy. The UK is an island nation so there is potential in this renewable energy. It is seen as a relatively new technology and is expensive.

Fig. 2 - Diagram of a wave power generator

Tidal power uses the larger movements of the tides to generate energy. The UK has plans to build tidal lagoons for the use of tidal power.

Hydroelectric power (HEP)

Hydroelectric power is when the river water is collected behind a dam and the movement of the water turns the turbines. 1.5% of the electricity in the UK is generated through HEP.

Geothermal power

Geothermal power uses the heat from the Earth to generate electricity. There are certain places where it is easier to access geothermal heat, for example, Iceland. So it cannot be used everywhere.

Biomass

Biomass is energy from material derived from living things such as cow manure. Energy can be generated from burning biomass and non-recyclable rubbish to create electricity.

Non-renewable energy source

Much of global energy is generated from non-renewable energy which is energy that cannot be replaced when used up. Non-renewable energy can be more efficient and can increase energy supplied when less fuel is used.

Fossil fuels

Traditionally power is generated from fossil fuels such as coal and gas burned in power stations. Recently coal and gas power stations re-use the wasted heat which is called combined-cycle systems. Some power stations co-fire biomass with fossil fuels which makes the fossil fuels last longer. Another way of accessing fossil fuels is fracking, which is a process of breaking rock underground by injecting liquid under pressure to create tiny cracks, which can extract shale gas which adds to the supply of fossil fuels.

Fig. 3 - Diagram of fracking

Nuclear energy

In nuclear power plants, uranium fuel rods are used. Reprocessing can recover the uranium left over after the use of the fuel rods. This makes the existing supplies last longer.

Energy supply examples

There are still many alternative ways of increasing energy supplies that haven't been explored as much. Below are examples of new ways of coal mining in Northumberland and fracking in Lancashire.

Coal mining in Northumberland

There are plans to open a new opencast coal mine in Druridge Bay, Northumberland. This is a different way of extracting coal where the coal is scraped away from the Earth's surface instead of obtained by digging. The extraction would happen from 2016 to 2027; by 2032, the site will be restored to its former beauty. It is estimated that 7 million tonnes of coal available will take 10 years to extract. However, there are disadvantages as coal as an energy source leads to carbon emissions which are linked to global warming.

Fracking in Lancashire

Around half of the gas used in the UK comes from Europe and the supplies are depleting due to the rising demand for energy. In 2016, Preston New Road started fracking to try and extract shale gas from two shale gas wells. However, fracking was seen as the cause of two earthquakes and the government intervened to stop the process. The ban on fracking has yet to be lifted.