Resource Inequality

Resource Inequality distribution

Globally, for now, there are enough resources for every single person. However, the supply and consumption of resources vary around the world. Resources are distributed unevenly, resulting in massive inequalities. It is common to see that more developed countries, or High-Income Countries (HICs), have a greater distribution of resources, compared to Low-Income Countries (LICs). Let's take a look at this resource inequality distribution.

Food

People need food for survival. To maintain health, it is estimated that men require roughly 2500 daily calories, with women requiring 2000. Today, many HICs have an average calorie consumption of over 3500 calories per day. In contrast, LICs tend to consume fewer than the recommended 2000 calories per day. There is typically a surplus of food supplies in HICs, which can result in vast amounts of food waste. For example, in the United States, roughly 30-40% of food that is produced is wasted!

LICs often suffer a food deficit. This deficit has caused many LICs to be food insecure, where people do not have access to nutritious and affordable food sources. This can result in undernourishment and even famines.

Take a look at the graph below; it shows that higher rates of food insecurity are found in regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa and Africa (regions with low development).

Fig. 1 - global food insecurity

Water

Similarly, water access is much greater in HICs; these countries often have a much higher water footprint than LICs. LICs are particularly vulnerable to economic water scarcity; water becomes unaffordable for certain populations, or methods to make it clean and safe to consume, are too expensive.

Take a look at the map below. Much of Africa (lower-income countries) is subject to economic water scarcity, compared to much of Europe or North America, for example. Physical water scarcity is seen in countries that are directly above the equator (due to climatic reasons), in areas such as Northern Africa or the Middle East (MENA region).

Fig. 2 - Global physical and economic water scarcity 2012

Energy

Some people have good access to energy, which is reliable, resulting in an energy surplus. However, others suffer from energy insecurity, where they are in an energy deficit, and may be subject to unaffordable, unreliable or unstable energy supplies, or even none at all.

HICs tend to use much more energy than LICs, as the population in HICs tend to have greater access to technologies, and the standard of living is higher (the amount of goods or leisure that a person may have). Take a look at the map below. The highest energy consumption occurs in more developed regions, such as the United States, Australia, or Europe. Interestingly, Russia's energy usage is reasonably high; Russia is one of the BRICS countries, which are countries with growing economies.

Fig. 3 - global energy use 2019

Resource Inequality causes

As we have seen, global resource distribution is not equal around the world. Globally, people suffer from inequalities and insecurities in three major resources (food, water, and energy). Let's take a look at some causes of this resource inequality.

Food

Wealth is a culprit of resource inequality. HICs are wealthier and can therefore typically afford more foods. HICs also tend to import more foods from abroad, often from LICs, which limits the food supply available in LIC countries. LICs also struggle to afford to import foods themselves, therefore food supply in those countries is reduced. In instances where global food prices increase, LICs struggle to afford the increase in cost.

There are also many factors that affect food supply and production. These issues can show why there are global inequalities in food access. Take a look at the Impacts of Food Insecurity to read more on these factors.

Water

Wealth also impacts access to water. As we have previously mentioned, water can often be unaffordable. Methods to clean water supplies can also be costly. Even if the water is available, it may not be safe to consume. This results in economic water scarcity. However, in some cases, there is just not enough water available, often due to warmer or drier climates, resulting in physical water scarcity.

There are also multiple other factors that influence whether water is available. Give the explanation on the Impact of Water Insecurity a read for these factors!

Energy

You guessed it, wealth is another big factor when thinking about energy inequality. Generally, energy is pretty costly, as it is a valuable resource. It is typically expensive to import energy, and infrastructures used to generate and increase energy supply are often costly. This means that some people are unable to afford energy supplies. When energy prices increase, it becomes even more unaffordable.

There are also multiple factors that can affect the supply of energy, which can impact whether people are energy secure or suffer from energy inequalities. Read the Impact of Energy Insecurity explanation for this!

Resource Inequality examples

Case studies are vital for your exam. Using examples from different areas of the world can make your exam answers super detailed. Let's take a look at two examples of resource inequality; resource surplus and resource deficit.

Resource surplus: United Kingdom

For resource surplus, the UK is a great example. Read our explanations on UK Food Provision, UK Water Provision, or UK Energy Provision for more information on the UK as a case study!

Resource deficit: Ethiopia

Ethiopia, a country in eastern Africa, is a low-income country, with a population of roughly 120.7 million in 2022. Ethiopia suffers from water shortages, limited access to clean water for the population, and water-related diseases. Droughts have been a major cause of this. Political factors too have impacted water supply today; during Ethiopia's colonial history, the River Nile was shared between other surrounding countries. This has dramatically impacted farmers' access to water supplies today. In 2011, the Horn of Africa (including Ethiopia) suffered severe droughts, combined with conflict, leaving roughly 13 million people in Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia starving, with a lack of access to food. Continuing conflict and droughts are still causing problems today, affecting agricultural production as well as water access. Ethiopia has vast energy resources. However, they are not used efficiently. This means that roughly 70% of people in Ethiopia have no access to electricity sources.

Fig. 4 - the Horn of Africa