Sustainable Urban Transport

Sustainable urban transport planning

As a result of urbanisation, urban areas are heavily car-orientated, heavily relying on individual, private transportation, with air pollution becoming increasingly more common. Numerous factors must be considered when planning to implement sustainable transportation and mobility schemes in urban areas.

Table 1

Another major factor to take into consideration is how to minimise transport’s effect on the environment. On average, transport contributes 27% of all greenhouse gas emissions, especially through congestion. To make transport more sustainable, transport planners must also consider land-use planning as well as making the transport system more efficient, so there is less congestion.

Fig.1 - Congestion in the urban area of Jalan Asia-Afrika, central Bandung, West Java, Indonesia

In order for sustainable transport to be implemented successfully, the transport planner also needs to ensure that the needs and wants of the car-user are met and that citizens have the option to choose freely from multiple transport choices.

Sustainable urban transport strategy

As the population is expected to grow to 9 billion by 2050, with the majority of people living in urban areas, sustainable urban transport will become increasingly important in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It is critical to consider ways in which sustainable transport schemes can be implemented in urban areas, and how they will benefit the environment and the increasing urban population in the future.

In the UK, as part of the future of mobility grand challenge the urban mobility strategy has been proposed with the UK named the world leader in mobility innovation. This scheme aims to shape the future of urban mobility in a sustainable and safe way and is already having an impact on people’s mobility choices today.

Sustainable urban transport system

In order for sustainable urban transport initiatives to be implemented successfully, an effective system must be put in place. To create a safe and efficient system for sustainable urban transport, certain guidelines, and principles, like the ones listed below, must be examined.

The following principles are outlined as part of the UK’s urban mobility strategy, which aims to make transport more sustainable and quicker by reducing congestion and carbon emissions.

1. New transport must be designed safely and securely, with people’s safety made the top priority in transport.
2. Mobility innovation must benefit every part of the UK and be available to everyone in society.
3. Mass transportation remains to be fundamental as part of an efficient transport system.
4. New transport must be designed to release zero emissions and reduce to achieve climate change goals.
5. Mobility innovation must reduce congestion through the highly efficient use of limited road space, such as through sharing rides.
6. Walking, cycling, and active travel must be promoted as more efficient and healthier options for short urban journeys. This will also improve air quality and reduce congestion.

One sustainable urban transport system is the Bus Rapid Transport (BRT) corridor in Curitiba, Brazil, or the bike sharing scheme in London, which we will look at further.

Fig.2 - UN Sustainable development goal- Sustainable transport 11.2

Sustainable urban transport examples

Sustainable urban transport systems are implemented across the world such as in Curitiba, Brazil, and London which offer highly efficient and alternative modes of transport. Let’s explore these case studies further!

Curitiba, Brazil

Curitiba is a city in the state of Paraná, Brazil, with a population of approximately 2 million in 2020. In 1968, the urban master plan was implemented in Curitiba, which featured the world-renowned Bus Rapid Transport (BRT) system. This rapid transport system transports 2 million passengers daily, with over 80% of the population using the BRT daily. How does this system work? Let’s take a closer look.

Fig. 3 - BRT system in Curitiba, Brazil

In Curitiba, there are designated bus lanes, with the BRT using bendy buses to carry 2 million passengers a day. The bus stops are designed to reduce waiting times with people entering the bus at the front, whilst people exit the bus from the middle and back. This system also helps to manage urban land planning with skyscrapers, tall buildings, and urban growth only allowed to occur alongside bus routes, reducing the stress on the green belt.

This system is also accessible for everybody with the bus fare staying the same along the routes with the bus stops never being more than 400m away. Tickets for the BRT, as well as food tokens, can also be earned through the city’s efficient recycling scheme, which is an initiative to encourage residents to manage waste more sustainably.

London, UK

In London, the government has been encouraging its citizens to use public transport such as the underground and bikes to reduce traffic congestion in the city and improve air quality. By 2050, the government is aiming to make the tube system carbon-neutral, with the underground and overground systems consuming the most electricity in London.

Fig.4 - London underground system

In the underground, the biggest loss of energy is the use of brakes to slow the trains down, hence why the underground gets so hot. Therefore, newer trains are equipped with regenerative braking systems, which allows them to reuse the lost energy and provide this back to the train. The excess warmth provided by the tube is also used to heat homes, which is a project currently underway at Islington station and along the Northern Line.

The bike sharing scheme, or “Boris Bikes” is another form of sustainable transport as people can self-hire these bikes around the city and cycle around London. This is especially popular among tourists who visit the city, with an electric scooter system also in place. The majority of buses and taxis in London are also electric or operate on biofuels to reduce their impact on the environment.

Fig. 5 - Boris Bikes in London