Cominform

Lenin's Comintern

The Comintern was the unofficial predecessor of Cominform but had openly more aggressively expansionist policies. After Lenin established it, the Second Congress of the Comintern was held in Moscow in 1920, and communist party representatives from 37 countries attended. Lenin expressed a desire for communist world domination, which caused tension with the West due to the number of countries that attended.

Fig. 1 - Vladimir Lenin.

When Stalin took power in 1922, Comintern continued to operate. However, when the USSR joined the Allies in 1941 during the Second World War, Stalin dissolved Comintern in 1943 to ease the growing tensions with the West. Although the dissolution was the USSR's demonstration of cooperation with its new allies, internally, communist parties understood the action to also dissolve their ties with the Soviet Union.

Fig. 2 - Josef Stalin.

The spread of communism was still on Stalin's agenda. After the Second World War, the Soviet Union's Red Army liberated much of Eastern Europe from the Nazis but had not withdrawn its troops from these countries. Some communist parties were elected in Europe, and by 1947, communism had spread to Yugoslavia, Poland, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria.

The creation of Cominform

After the war, tensions were high between the West and the USSR, in particular regarding the United States' concerns over how Eastern European countries were electing communist governments. A series of significant speeches and foreign policy decisions increased the political tensions between the US and the USSR during the late 1940s.

Timeline of the creation of Cominform

The following timeline shows some key events that led to the creation of Cominform and later Comecon. The deteriorating international relations between the US and USSR during this time set the stage for the Cold War.

US Foreign Policy

In response to the spread of communism across Europe, Harry Truman announced the US foreign policy of containment, known as the Truman Doctrine. The doctrine supported US international initiatives to discourage communist politics abroad.

In his speech, Truman stated that the world was divided between the two camps: 'individual liberty' (Western Capitalism) and 'terror and oppression' (nations states under Soviet communism). The tough wording of the Truman Doctrine indicated a change in the US response to USSR political ideology and condemnation of Stalin's actions in Eastern Europe.

US Secretary of State George Marshall proposed the Marshall Plan in 1947 to provide economic aid to Europe after the destruction of the Second World War. It was one of the first major examples of US foreign policy in response to the Truman Doctrine.

Fig. 4 - US Secretary of Defense George C. Marshall.

Stalin interpreted the economic aid as the US currying favours for 'Western imperialism' in Europe. He believed that behind the Western economic aid there were political motivations.

Cominform and Comecon

In response to the retaliatory US foreign policy against Stalin's occupation of Eastern Europe, the USSR created Cominform to unite communism under Soviet leadership. The countries that joined the USSR came to be known as the Soviet Bloc and were under the USSR's sphere of influence.

Members of Cominform

Although Cominform is seemingly a successor of Comintern, the subtle difference was that the USSR wanted to establish a united communist ideology based on Stalin's version of communism (Stalinism) rather than spread different interpretations of the political ideology. In 1947, Poland hosted the founding meeting of Cominform with representatives of nine national communist parties. They came from the following countries:

• USSR
• Poland
• Hungary
• Yugoslavia
• Bulgaria
• Romania
• Czechoslovakia
• Italy
• France

The initial meeting was to discuss communist governments' successes, such as in Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia, and the failures of Italy and France to establish communist control of their countries. The USSR delegates put forth some aims for Cominform in order to unite the political ideology.

Progress of Cominform

Throughout the four meetings of Cominform, its members developed the post-war communist cause, with particular emphasis on the USSR's political leadership.

In the first meeting in September 1947, Andrei Zhdanov, Stalin's second-in-command, agreed with Truman's description of Europe as divided into two camps but defined them as the 'democratic camp' (the Soviet Union and its communist allies) and the 'imperialist camp' (the United States and its capitalist allies). Zhdanov championed the anti-fascist beliefs of communism and criticised the US as 'anti-democratic' and similar to Hitler's fascism.

In January 1948, the second meeting of Cominform was held in Yugoslavia and stated the importance of propaganda and the press. Cominform members established a permanent board for its newspaper For a Lasting Peace, For a Peoples' Democracy, which was first published in late 1947. The newspaper published articles explaining the communist cause and strengthening the ideology.

Cominform's headquarters had been operating out of Belgrade, the capital of Yugoslavia, which demonstrated the country's centrality to the organisation. However, when the communist president of Yugoslavia, Josip Tito, proposed that a communist nation would love its home nation more than the 'land of socialism' of the USSR, Stalin considered this a dangerous departure from his form of communism. Demonising 'Titoism', Stalin wanted exclusive Soviet control of communist countries and expelled Yugoslavia from Cominform in the third meeting held in June 1948.

The final meeting of Cominform was held in November 1949 in Hungary and pushed for an 'Anti-Titoist' campaign to ensure allegiance to the USSR. Many communist politicians who were considered secret imperialists, zionists or not fully supportive of Stalin were trialled and executed. After the Chinese Revolution in 1949, China's communism significantly weakened Europe's position as the centre of communist ideology. The USSR started to devote its efforts to create more effective methods of economic control and influence with the creation of Comecon.

Comecon

In January 1949, the USSR established Comecon, a system of economic support for communist countries that was Stalin's answer to the Marshall Plan. The original members of Comecon were:

• USSR
• Czechoslovakia
• Poland
• Hungary
• Romania
• Bulgaria

Fig. 5 - Map showing the Comecon member states as of November 1986.

Comecon's mission was to maintain post-Second World War communist economies through group support offered by the USSR. Comecon members agreed to prioritise other communists in trade deals and minimise the American political influence. This was meant to safeguard the Eastern European economic recovery solely for the benefit of communist nations and to maintain communism.

Comecon's successes include Eastern Europe's development of a rail network, an electric power grid, and an oil supply through the 'Friendship' pipeline which transported Soviet oil to its satellite states. Outside of Europe, Comecon also had a global reach, economically supporting Cuba, Mongolia, and Vietnam with Cold War alliances.

Consequences of Cominform and Comecon

In terms of the tensions between Communist and Western states, Stalin's political and economic initiatives contributed to the beginning of the Cold War. The centralising of political ideology and economy on both sides set the stage for the tension between the camps.

Consequences for the communist States

For communist countries, Cominform and Comecon seemingly brought political and economic stability. However, ultimately they strengthened Stalin's control of Eastern Europe and communism.

Cominform was Stalin's method of ideological and political control. By uniting communist countries to follow his interpretation of communism, known as Stalinism, the USSR became a politically powerful nation. Its satellite states formed both a barrier to protect the USSR from invasion from the west, such as from Germany during the Second World War and also extended the reach of the USSR across Europe.

Comecon was Stalin's method of economic control. As the USSR centralised communist economies and aided the Eastern European post-Second World War recovery, he made communist trade exclusive. This attempted to isolate communist countries from Western trade, both furthering communist nations' reliance on the USSR and restricting Western trade from Eastern Europe.

Both Cominform and Comecon had benefits for the USSR, aiding its progression into a superpower and extending its influence across the world. This influence caused tensions with Western powers as communism spread.

Consequences for the West

The spread of communism led by Stalin led to increased tensions with the West in the post-Second World War environment. Despite the supposed world peace after the defeat of Hitler, the US understood the formations of Cominform and Comecon as antagonistic communist actions against Western capitalism. This led to the formation of NATO.

There were 12 founding members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO):

• United States
• United Kingdom
• France
• Belgium
• Canada
• Luxembourg
• The Netherlands
• Portugal
• Italy
• Norway
• Iceland
• Denmark

Western countries established NATO on 4 April 1949 as a military alliance which followed the US policy of containment. The increasing military defensive measures enacted by NATO and Comecon antagonised each side and furthered the tensions between the USSR and US.

Fig. 6 - Map showing all NATO members and accession dates.