The Bourbons

Rise and Fall of the House of Bourbon in France

The Bourbons ruled France continuously until the French Revolution. After Henry IV was murdered by a mentally unbalanced Catholic man in 1610, his nine-year-old son became Louis XIII (r. 1610-1643). King Louis XIII is best known for laying the foundation of absolutism in France alongside his chief minister, Cardinal Richelieu. Their sometimes ruthless reforms stabilized and increased the realm's finances, decimated by the Wars of Religion from 1562 to 1598.

Louis XIII's son is probably the best-known French king of all time. King Louis XIV (r. 1643-1715), known as the Sun King, was the epitome of absolutist rule. He made France the center of Europe through conquest and cultural enterprises, such as building the splendid palace at Versailles. Everywhere he presented himself as God's representative on Earth, a king but also a god himself.

Louis XIV reigned so long that all his children died before him. His great-grandson thus became king after him, named Louis XV (r. 1715-1774). His grandson succeeded him, the ill-fated Louis XVI (r. 1774-1793). Louis XVI inherited a monarchy already under heavy financial strain from continuous war with Britain. His decision to aid the American revolutionaries and a series of bad harvests created a financial crisis in the 1780s. The populace lost faith in their monarchy and revolted, causing the French Revolution to begin in 1789. Louis XVI was beheaded in 1793, eliminating the French monarchy until 1815.

After the English defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, the French people welcomed back their Bourbon monarch, Louis XVI's brother Louis XVIII (r. 1815-1824). After his death, his brother succeeded him in becoming Charles X (r. 1824-1830). Charles was an unpopular king because he only seemed to care about the upper class. He passed a series of laws that only benefitted them and so angered the other classes. A revolution broke out in 1830 known as the July Revolution, where the people removed Charles X from power.

After Charles X, the people selected Louis Philippe as their king. Louis Philippe (r. 1830-1848) was a descendent of the Bourbon branch founded by Louis XIV's brother Philippe, Duke of Orleans. He was the last official king of France, although there are Bourbon claimants to the throne even today.

Prominent Members of the House of Bourbon

Spain

In 1700, the Spanish King Carlos II died without an heir and named a Bourbon as his successor. King Philip V of Spain (r. 1700-1746) was King Louis XIV of France's grandson and related to the Spanish throne through Carlos II's eldest sister, Louis XIV's Queen Maria Theresa. Henceforth, the Spanish kings were part of the Bourbon dynasty.

The Bourbon Philippe, Duke of Anjou, is named Philip V of Spain by François Pascal Simon Gérard, early nineteenth century. Source: Grand Palais, France, 76-000904.

The first years of Philip's reign were locked in a bitter feud with the Habsburg dynasty, Holy Roman Emperors who ruled the Germanic empire to the east of Spain and France, known as the War of Spanish Succession. However, the Treaty of Utrecht, finalized in 1715, brought peace because it eliminated the possibility of having France and Spain merge into a single empire under one ruler. As a result, Philip renounced his ability to claim the French throne and settled in to rule Spain as its first Bourbon king.

After the brief reign of Philip's eldest son Ferdinand VI (r. 1746-1759), Philip's second son Carlos became King Carlos III (r. 1759-1788). Carlos was already King of Sicily and Naples, so when he ascended to the Spanish crown, he granted those realms to his younger son. Carlos was a reformer, and as King of Spain increased trade, stabilized the realm's finances, and promoted scientific discovery. As a result, the monarchy gained power and exerted greater control over matters of state.

The strong realm Carlos III created fell apart during the reign of his son Carlos IV (r. 1788-1808). He was forced to abdicate by Napoleon, whose brother ruled Spain until 1813. The Bourbon kings returned to power with Ferdinand VII (r. 1813-1833), whose reign saw the collapse of the Spanish empire in the Americas. He had no sons to succeed him, therefore changed the law that forbade women to inherit titles or property (Salic Law) and named his daughter Isabella heir.

Isabella II (r. 1833-1868) was only three years old when she became queen. Her mother, Maria Christina, became her regent while she grew up. However, Ferdinand VII's brother Carlos, Count of Molina, contested the succession and started a seven-year civil war. He was defeated and exiled in 1840. Isabella took control of the monarchy at thirteen in 1843, but unfortunately, her reign was marred by scandal, a loveless marriage, and war. She was deposed in 1868 during the Spanish Glorious Revolution.

Isabella's son became King Alfonso XII (r. 1874-1885) after the Spanish Republic collapsed in 1874. Upon his death, Alfonso's son succeeded him as Alfonso XIII (r. 1885-1931). Alfonso XIII successfully kept Spain out of the First World War but was overthrown by the emergence of the second Spanish Republic.

Italy

Philip V's son Carlos seized control of Naples and Sicily in 1734 and was declared king until he succeeded to the Spanish throne in 1759 as Carlos III. He passed the Italian crowns to his son, who became King Ferdinand IV of Naples and III of Sicily.

In 1816 Naples and Sicily combined into the newly created Kingdom of Two Sicilies under King Ferdinand, making him King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies. His son succeeded him as King Francis I (r. 1825-1830). The Last King of the Two Sicilies was Francis I's grandson, Francis II (r. 1859-1861). In 1861 the kingdom was annexed into the Kingdom of Italy, ending the Bourbon royal line in that region.

The Bourbons Today

The Bourbon Spanish monarchy ruled almost continuously until 1931 when the short-lived Spanish Republic and subsequent Spanish Civil War took over. The Civil War led to Francisco Franco's dictatorship from 1939 until he died in 1975. After Franco's death, Spain welcomed back its Bourbon monarch, Juan Carlos, who ruled until 2014, when he abdicated in favor of his son, the current King Philip VI.

The Bourbons also became Grand Dukes of Luxembourg through the 1919 marriage between Prince Felix of Bourbon and Grand Duchess Charlotte of Luxembourg. Their son Jean was the first Bourbon Grand Duke in 1964, and his son Henri is the current Grand Duke.