Zanzibar

Where is Zanzibar in Africa? - Zanzibar, Tanzania

Zanzibar is an archipelago, or group of islands, that range from 25-50 kilometers off the East African coast. It is part of Tanzania today.

Many small islands are part of the chain. The two main ones, Pemba and Ungula, are often called Zanzibar. The historic city center of Stone Town is a World Heritage Site for its history.

Fig. 1 - Map showing the location of Zanzibar.

Meaning of Zanzibar

The name Zanzibar was derived from a Persian word that means "black coast." Persian traders called it this when they sailed there in the Middle Ages, and later Arabic traders continued to use the name, and it stuck.

According to the 16th-century chronicler Leo Africanus, Arab and Persian traders used this name to refer to the entire Coastal East Africa, and when the Sultanate of Zanzibar was established, the Arab elite chose the name for its kingdom.

Early History of Zanzibar

Zanzibar was settled by the Bantu people that migrated to East Africa by the 6th century and possibly before. From the 8th to 10th centuries, there is evidence of a drastic growth in trade between the islands and the mainland.

Merchants in Zanzibar were also responsible for providing goods to Persian and Arabic traders coming from Asia and selling cloth and other imported goods to traders from the African interior.

Portuguese Colonization

In 1498, Vasco da Gama visited Zanzibar during his voyage around the southern tip of Africa to India. A few years later, Captain Ruy Lourenço Ravasco Marques, landed on the island. He received tribute from the sultan of Zanzibar in exchange for peace and declared the island formally part of the Portuguese Empire.

The Portuguese took a mostly hands-off approach to rule Zanzibar in this period. A British ship that visited in 1591 found no fort or garrison on the island.

The Portuguese did set up a small trading post, but the sultan continued to rule the island more or less autonomously. However, in 1635, the Portuguese did establish a fort on Pemba Island after a rebellion in Mombasa, part of present-day Kenya north of Zanzibar.

Fig. 2 - The Harem and Harbour Tower during the British protectorate period.

Sultans of Zanzibar

In Zanzibar, as well as the surrounding areas of the East African coast, the Portuguese mostly left local elites to rule autonomously. These local rulers were called sultans. Historians are unsure of the origin of the original sultans of Zanzibar, but they believe them to have originated as Swahili merchant elites.

After the Sultan of Mombasa killed Portuguese residents in 1631, the Portuguese introduced more direct rule and appointed European-born governors. The local merchants resented this and plotted to remove the Portuguese.

In 1698, the Sultan of Oman extended his control over Zanzibar at the invitation of local traders, expelling the Portuguese in the process.

In 1832, or 1840 depending on the source, Said bin Sultan, actually even moved his capital to Stone Town in Zanzibar. Arabs soon dominated the island's political and economic elite. However, the conflict between the sultan's sons ensued after his death in 1856.

The kingdom was ultimately divided between them, with the Sultanate of Zanzibar becoming separate and independent of the Sultanate of Oman. Majid bin Said became the first Sultan of Zanzibar.

Fig. 3 - Majid bin Said.

Trade and Spices

After Said bin Sultan's move to Zanzibar, he encouraged the establishment of clove plantations using slave labor. Now, in addition to the island's historic status as a crucial link in the trade between Africa and Asia, it also became well-known for its spices. Ivory was another especially important good for the trade that passed through Zanzibar.

Finally, the island was home to one of the largest slave markets in the world, and Arab traders bought slaves here to take with them to Southwest Asia. Traders from the Indian subcontinent eventually came to dominate much of Zanzibar's trade.

Sultan Barghash bin Said developed the island's infrastructure and ended the slave trade, although slavery was not fully abolished until later. By the 1880s, the island's wealth in trade had allowed the sultans of Zanzibar to assert control over much of the East African Swahili coast.

Fig. 4 - Depiction of the slave market in Zanzibar in 1860.

Growth of British and German Influence

With the Scramble for Africa in the late 19th century, Germany and Britain eyed the East African coast for themselves. The German East Africa Company began operating in the area in 1885 and the Imperial British East African Company soon followed suit.

In 1886, the British and Germans met secretly and divided the area into two spheres of influence, with the British set to acquire the area of modern-day Kenya and Germany modern-day mainland Tanzania. By 1888, they had essentially taken control over the mainland territories of Zanzibar.

In 1890, the British and Germans signed a treaty that gave Britain colonial control over Zanzibar, making it a formal British protectorate.

Zanzibar Sultanate War

In 1896, a dispute arose between the British and Zanzibar over the succession of a new sultan. The British favored the succession of Hamoud bin Muhammed, but Khalid bin Barghash seized the throne and assembled a small army to fight the British.

The British attacked the palace, forcing Barghash to flee into exile. Muhammed then became the sultan. Informal British rule with Zanzibar as a protectorate continued until 1963.

Fig. 5 - Damaged palace after the British attack.

Post-British Rule

With the movement for global decolonization after World War Two, the British formally ended the protectorate status of Zanzibar in 1963. With the protectorate ended, Zanzibar was now an independent monarchy. However, just a month later, the Zanzibar Revolution overthrew the sultan and established a socialist People's Republic of Zanzibar.

This too was short-lived, and, in April 1864, a union between Tanganyika established the Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar. This nation changed its name to Tanzania six months later.