Saladin

Vizier and Sultan of Egypt

After a protracted power struggle between Shirkuh and Shawar for control of Egypt, Saladin ordered the assassination of Shawar in 1169. Shirkuh also died later the same year. A number of candidates were considered for the viziership to Egyptian Caliph al-Adid most of whom were of Kurdish origin.

The fact Saladin was also of Kurdish origin certainly helped him become shortlisted for the position since the Ayyibid tribe was weary of Turkish influence in Egypt. Eventually, al-Adid chose Saladin despite his Sunni faith in a Shia Caliphate.

The reasoning behind al-Adid’s choice of Saladin was his military victories but also the fact he was one of the youngest generals, so he thought that he could easily control him.

Saladin was inaugurated as vizier on 26 March 1169 and in October he faced a Crusader-byzantine force near Damietta with reinforcements from Nur al-Din. King Amalric I of Jerusalem had realised that an alliance between Nur al-Din of Syria and al-Adid of Egypt would be a disaster for the Crusader States and so he sought allies in attacking Egypt into submission.

Fig. 2 - Saladin enters Jerusalem

Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos agreed to help him but when they attacked the city Saladin quickly placed an iron chain across the city’s branch of the Nile which prevented the Crusader-Byzantine fleet from blockading the city. The attackers attempted to besiege the city but the poor weather and heavy rain also made this difficult and they withdrew in December. This clash ended the main external threat to Saladin’s position in Egypt.

In 1170 Saladin’s father joined him in Egypt in his attempt to depose al-Adid and establish himself as the only authority in Egypt. Saladin acted strategically in forging expedient connections in Egypt and in appointing members of his family in positions of power.

Saladin, who was part of the Abbasid dynasty, worked to gradually dismantle the Fatimids of Egypt under al-Adid who had essentially become a puppet ruler. Saladin purged Fatimid royalists from the army and abolished Shiite Islam in favour of Sunni Islam. In September 1171 he proclaimed an official Abbasid suzerainty and al-Adid who had been placed under house arrest died a few days later.

Now Saladin was a well-established ruler in Egypt and could turn his attention to external threats from the Crusaders.

Saladin and the Crusades

Saladin entered into a protracted conflict with Guy of Lusignan from 1182. However, the deciding battle between the two took place in 1187 in the Battle of Hattin and established Saladin's supremacy. After Saladin twice besieged the Crusader held Kerak in 1183 and 1184 and Raynald, Prince of Antioch, attacked Muslim pilgrims on Hajj in 1185, Saladin decided to capture Jerusalem.

Saladin’s achievements

On 4 July 1187, at the battle of Hattin, Saladin faced the combined forces of Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem, and Raymond III of Tripoli. The Crusader armies were annihilated and Guy was taken prisoner along with Raynald of Antioch. The two men were taken to Saladin’s tent, where Saladin offered Guy a goblet of water as a sign of his generosity. The offer also signified that Saladin would spare Guy’s life commenting that

Nonetheless, this was not the case for Raynald, whom Saladin beheaded with his sword for attacking the pilgrims in 1185. After this, Guy was imprisoned in Damascus whilst Saladin finally conquered Jerusalem on 2 October 1187, ending 88 years of Crusader rule in the city. Guy was released in 1188 and he, along with his wife, sought refuge in Tyre, the only city remaining in Christian hands.

Fig. 3 - Saladin and Guy Battle of Hattin

Saladin allowed the Jewish population to resettle in the city after their expulsion from the Christians. The residents of Ashkelon for example, responded with a lot of eagerness to the call. The Christians of the city were allowed to leave if they paid a fee.

The Third Crusade

The fall of Jerusalem prompted the Third Crusade (1189–92) and was partially financed by the Saladin Tithe.

King Richard I Lionheart led Guy's siege of Acre and conquered the city. Following this, Saladin clashed with Richard at the Battle of Arsuf on 7 September 1191 but Saladin’s forces suffered heavy losses and he was forced to withdraw. After this, Richard occupied Jaffa and started restoring the city’s fortifications to prevent it from falling into the crusader's hands.

Fig. 4 - The Third Crusade Richard, Coeur De Lion, On His Way To Jerusalem

By 1191 Richard and Saladin had entered into diplomatic negotiations and Richard suggested that his sister, Joan of England, marry one of Saladin’s brothers to establish them as rulers of Jerusalem. The proposal was rejected by Saladin because Richard insisted that Saladin’s brother convert to Christianity.

Having exhausted the possibility of a union between the Kingdoms the two sides continued fighting. The last battle of the Third Crusade was fought at Jaffa in 1192 and ended on a truce. Richard agreed to demolish the fortifications of Ascalon whilst Saladin agreed to recognise crusader control of the Palestinian coast from Tyre to Jaffa. Christian pilgrims would also be allowed to enter Jerusalem unarmed.

The death of Saladin

Saladin died of fever on 4 March 1193, shortly after Richard had left Jerusalem. Saladin only had one piece of gold and around forty pieces of silver at the time of his death as he had donated all his wealth to the poor of his kingdom. There was no money to pay for his funeral and he was buried modestly in a wooden coffin in a mausoleum in the garden outside the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus.

References

1. Ali Ibn al-Athir, The Complete History, 1231.