1870 Election

Fifteenth Amendment

In February of 1870, the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified. This amendment protected the voting rights of Black Americans. When the mid-term elections of 1870 arrived, Black Americans were finally guaranteed the right to vote.

Federal Protection of 1870 Elections

Federal troops were still occupying parts of the South in 1870. Some states, such as Florida, called them in to monitor elections. This was a result of violence and intimidation occurring in their areas. Federal forces were able to protect the rights of Black voters in some areas but were intimidated themselves in other areas.

Intimidate and Violence during the 1870 Elections

With the Black Codes no longer active, oppression of Black Americans had to go into the shadows. Organizations like the Ku Klux Klan were formed to engage in violence and intimidation. If the Southern states could not legally take away the voting rights of Black Americans, racist actors found an illegal way to discourage Black Americans from exercising their rights. Many law enforcement agencies in the South turned a blind eye or even secretly participated in these activities.

Republican Party in 1870

The Republican Party had long held power in the North, where Democrats held the South. With the abolition of human enslavement, newly freed Black people joined the Republican Party because it had supported their freedom. There were White Republicans in the South, but the Black vote was important. This new voting block had helped the Republicans make major gains in the South following the Civil War.

Democratic Party in 1870

The Democratic Party had lost some ground in the South. This was the result of the sudden shift in voter demographics with the end of human enslavement. Democratic lawmakers had made attempts with the Black Codes

Hiram Revels

Hiram Revels is a notable figure of the 1870 elections. That year he became the first Black senator. His election only continued his long struggle for racial equality which had turned him into a leader

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Fig.2 - Hiram Revels

Early Life

Revels was born in 1827 in North Carolina. Born free and then educated, he traveled around the United States preaching the Gospel and educating Black people. After becoming one of the first Black people in the United States to receive some college education, he settled in Baltimore for a period where he worked as a minister and the principal of a Black school. During the Civil War, he had helped raise two Black regiments to fight for the Union and even served as the chaplain in one of them. His entire life had been spent in service of the Black community.

Although affiliated with churches involved in the Underground Railroad, Revels public opinions were very moderate. Before the Civil War, his focus had mostly been on the education of slaves and free Black Americans instead of directly on abolition politics.

Entrance into Politics

As an educated leader in the Black community, Revels was drafted into politics during Reconstruction. His first position was as an alderman in 1868, before becoming a Mississippi state senator in 1869. His political positions were very moderate, as they had been his entire life. This made him more acceptable to White Southerners at the time.

United States Senate Election

Revels was not directly elected by voters into the Senate but as part of a deal made in the Mississippi state senate. No senators from Mississippi had been sent to the United States Senate since the Civil War had broken out. When Mississippi reentered the Union, the state legislature was to fill the two United States Senate seats representing Mississippi in 1870. One seat was up for reelection in 1871 and the other in 1875. A deal was struck to fill the one-year term with a Black senator and the five-year term with a White one.

Seating as a Senator

Southern Democrats made several attempts to avoid Revels joining the United States Senate. Democrats unsuccessfully tried several angles to declare Revel's election illegal. This outraged Republicans, who fought back. Despite Democrats' efforts, Revel was confirmed in the Senate 48 to 8.

Joseph Hayne Rainey

In 1870, Joseph Hayne Rainey became the first Black American to serve in the House of Representatives. He was born into slavery; however, he was able to rise to a role where he could impact the nation.

Fig.3 Joseph Hayne Rainey

Early Life

Although born into slavery in 1832, sometime around age ten his father had managed to earn enough money to buy the family's freedom. Before the Civil War, he had lived a quiet life as a barber. When the Civil War broke out, he was forced to work for the Confederate army until his family could escape to Bermuda. The family returned in 1866, settling in Georgetown. Rainey quickly found his way into Republican politics.

House of Representatives

Rainey was nominated by the Republican Party for his House seat when the previous holder resigned due to corruption issues. Rainey defeated his Democratic rival by a strong margin in two elections on October 19 and November 8, 1870. Rainey used his time in Congress to fight for issues related to equality and violence against Black people. He became known as a strong orator and helped pass the Ku Klux Klan Act.

Impact of the 1870 Elections

The road to equality would be long and winding. The gains made with Black representation in national politics for the first time were enormous. Nevertheless, after Reconstruction came to an end much progress was lost. The number of Black Congressional representatives grew steadily until a sharp decline at the end of the 1870s that didn't start to reverse until the 1960s. For a middle period of almost thirty years, there were no Black voices in Congress.

Results of the 1870 Elections

The Republicans did manage to retain control of both houses of Congress in 1870 but the violence and intimidation of terrorist groups like the Ku Klux Klan did have an effect. Democrats made gains in local races, as well as growing by three Senate seats and 37 House seats. Crucially, 1870 would bring the first Black people to both the Senate and the House of Representatives.