The Great Awakening

Religious Belief systems that influenced the First Great Awakening

• Congregationalists: The religious foundation of this group came from Calvinism. They emphasized the grace of God, faith, and preaching God's word.
• Anglicans: Includes religious features from both Catholicism and Protestantism, did not believe in the Catholic idea of purgatory but believed that Christ died on the cross for everyone's sins.
• Presbyterians: Believed in the authority of scripture, that one could only have grace through faith in God, and that God was the ultimate authority.

Preachers of the First Great Awakening

Let's see some of the main preachers that were part of the First Great Awakening.

Portrait of Jonathan Edwards.

Jonathan Edwards

Jonathan Edwards, a minister, and theologian, became well known for his sermons. In his sermon, Sinners in the Hands of An Angry God, Edwards preached that God's judgment would be harsh and that it would incur much fear and pain. However, Edwards also maintained relationships with Native Americans, caring for their educational and religious progression. As we can see below, Edwards' preached that the only salvation man had was by the will of God.

Image from the Life of Rev. George Whitefield, 1877.

George Whitefield

Many preachers of the First Great Awakening would travel throughout the colonies to share their religious beliefs. For example, George Whitefield, a well-known preacher in England, traveled throughout the colonies, drawing crowds so large that he often preached outside. Whitefield’s popularity correlated with his often theatrical sermons where weeping and threats of "fire and brimstone" were commonplace. However, many clergy members disagreed with such religious enthusiasm leaving many colonists polarized.

Eventually, a split between the two different ideologies known as the "New Lights" and the "Old Lights." The Old Lights remained close to stricter religious beliefs and saw the new revivalism as turbulent. However, the opposing New Lights believed strongly in the new idea of emotional religiosity.

Growth of Colleges

Colleges saw exponential growth during the first great awakening. The need for seminaries to instruct future preachers was great. With little to no schools in the colonies, students needed thorough instruction. William Tennent, a Presbyterian minister, founded Log College in 1735 to fully train future preachers. Log College graduates would later go on to found Princeton University.

Historian Perspectives on the Great Awakening:

The Second Great Awakening 1800-1870s

The Second Great Awakening drew on a new type of theology that would go against the established colonial religion at the time. For example, Puritans followed Calvinism which was rooted in predestination. Predestination was a belief that God already knew who would get into heaven and who would go to hell. To Puritans, their actions did not matter because God had already decided who was going to heaven. However, the theology of the Second Great Awakening directly opposed the teachings of Calvinism. Instead, preachers taught believers to be concerned with doing good words and bringing heaven to earth.

Sacramental Scene in a Western Forest.

The Second Great Awakening was a period of religious revival in early colonial America that embodied social, religious, and cultural practices in the 19th century. As a result, church attendance soared, and thousands of people had religious conversions where they pledged their lives to God. However, while the First Great Awakening focused predominantly on the New England area, the Second Great Awakening focused on spreading educational and religious infrastructure to the frontier (Western New York).

Frontier Revivals

Camp Meetings became the dominant preaching format on the frontier, drawing tens of thousands of people for days. Encouraged by the sparse population in the frontier, many settlers were eager to meet with a large group of people and experience an emotional, spiritual conversion. After the camp meetings, settlers would return home and often join a local church. Thus, the camp meeting revivals often spurred local church attendance and participation.

Religious Camp Meeting.

Camp Meetings

The Second Great Awakening used camp meetings as one of the dominant preaching platforms. Camp meetings staged assemblies where people heard sermons and engaged in conversions. Thousands of people were drawn to these meetings due to their religious fervor during conversions. Many people would shout, shake, and throw themselves on the ground during one of these profound spiritual experiences. As word traveled about the dramatic camp meetings, more people attended to either have an experience or witness one.

Portrait of Charles Finney.

Famous Frontier preachers

Two of the most well-known preachers were Lyman Beecher and Charles Finney during the frontier religious revival. Beecher believed that people were becoming too secular and straying away from God. He thought he should feel religion with emotion instead of logic, following closely with most other religious teachings of the Second Great Awakening. On the other side, Charles Finney traveled and drew tens of thousands of people with his sermons and believed that women should preach in public. The two men had starkly different perspectives but became well-known contributors to the religious movement.

Circuit Riders

Circuit Rider Statue in Oregon (1924).

In the Second Great Awakening context, the frontier referred to western New York and Appalachia. Thus, reaching remote families and towns became difficult. However, multiple denominations had many tools to reach these remote people. For example, Methodists used groups of preachers called circuit riders. These preachers would go by horseback to remote families out on the frontier to convert them. The riders were also responsible for organizing and setting up camp meetings.

Social and Moral Reforms:

The Second Great Awakening brought about important social and moral reformations, spurred by social and geographic mobility and the market revolution. Colonists could move around easier than before, and manufacturing had begun shifting away from homes to factories giving the people purchasing power. The temperance movement established a crusade against alcohol and drunkenness and opened roles for women. Several temperance organizations arrived in America in the 19th century. For example, the American temperance movement maintained thousands of chapters and aligned with the abolitionist movement to stop the slave trade.

Portrait of Dorothea Dix.

Along with moral reforms, the second great awakening spurred social reformations that changed education, asylum, and prison reform. In the 1830s, a significant push for universal education swept colonial America. In addition to education, improvements in mental health treatment came about through asylum reform headed by Dorothea Dix. Finally, reform for prison policies eliminated prison for debtors.

Utopian Societies

Utopian societies were prevalent in religious teachings throughout the second great awakening. These societies promoted perfection on earth through good works and human behavior. Several villages attempted to create a utopian society in colonial America. For example, Brooke Farm in Massachusetts believed that all residents should work equally. Other towns and villages attempted utopian societies where ideas like free love and complete equality became the norm.

Comparison of First and Second Great Awakening

Effects of the Great Awakening

• Colleges saw exponential growth during this time. Several were founded, including Rutgers, Yale, Harvard, Brown, Dartmouth, and Princeton.

• Unified the colonies through a shared identity. Colonists had seen their settlements as separate from others.

• Spread a feeling of social equality throughout the colonies.

• Incited the idea of social rebellion through going against the religious establishment; this laid the foundation for the American Revolution.

• The religious enthusiasm and fervor brought many colonists to begin questioning the norms colonial life was built on.

• Initiated/normalized the idea of social rebellion that would lead to the American Revolution.

  The Great Awakening laid the ideological groundwork for the colonial breakdown regarding British authority. The ministers' messages often preached against church hierarchy and other aspects of colonial society. The challenge of church structure planted the seed of social rebellion against authority. The loss of respect initiated strong political ideals that led to the American Revolution.

• The Second Great Awakening initiated social, moral, and education reforms:

  • Moral Reforms: temperance- the movement against alcohol and drunkenness this movement would later align with the abolitionist movement.

  • Social Reforms:

    • Universal Education movement 1830s.

    • Asylum Reform for better treatment of mental health patients headed by Dorothea Dix.

    • Prison Reform that would eliminate prison for debtors.

  • Utopian Societies were prevalent. They believed in perfecting society.

    • Examples: Brooke Farm, Massachusetts, believed in workplace equality for all.