The Roaring 20s

Characteristics of the Roaring 20s

After the Great War (the First World War) ended in 1918, Americans faced not only the casualties of war but the worst influenza pandemic in history. The Spanish Flu ravaged the country and the world in 1918 and 1919, resulting in tens of millions of deaths. Not surprisingly, people were looking for new opportunities and to escape their sadness.

This was the perfect climate for new fads and exciting alternatives to mainstream culture. Millions moved to cities to work in growing factories and other businesses. A population shift occurred. During the 1920s more Americans lived in cities than in the rural areas of the nation. The option to purchase consumer goods on credit led many to acquire new items popularized in advertisements.

Women experienced new legal and social opportunities. An entertainment revolution centered around cinema, radio, and jazz clubs boomed. During this decade, the Eighteenth Amendment ushered in a period known as Prohibition, during which alcohol sales, manufacture, and transport were illegal.

Culture in the Roaring 20s

The Roaring 20s is also known as the Jazz Age. The popularity of jazz music and new dances, such as the Charleston and Lindy Hop, set the tempo for the time period. Played in the jazz clubs, ''speakeasies" (illegal bars), and on the radio stations, this new African-American-inspired music spread from the South to northern cities.

Even though 12 million households had a radio by the end of the decade, people also flocked to other institutions for entertainment. Americans became fascinated with cinema as moviegoing became part of the national culture. It is estimated that 75% of Americans went to the movies each week during this time. As a result, film stars became national celebrities, as did other entertainers and artists that catered to the new pursuit of leisure and recreation. Dance marathons blended the dance crazes, music choices, and thrill-seeking pursuits of the period.

Women's Rights in the Roaring 20s

The long road to national voting rights for women was achieved in 1920. Since Wyoming granted women the right to vote in 1869, many were determined to make the right a guaranteed national law. The Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution was passed on June 4, 1919, and sent to the states. It says:

According to the Constitution, three-fourths of the state legislatures would have to ratify the proposed amendment. It was not until August 25, 1920, when Tennessee, the 36 state, ratified the Nineteenth Amendment. The result was that all female citizens, 21 and older were eligible to vote according to federal authority.

Fig. 1 - Nevada Governor finalizing state ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment.

Important People of the Roaring 20s

The 1920s was known for hundreds of famous people. Here are some of the well-known celebrities of the Roaring 20s:

Fig. 2 - Louis Armstrong, a Jazz Age icon.

Flappers and the Roaring 20s

The image of a young woman dancing is the most typical depiction of the Roaring 20s. Many women entered the workforce in great numbers and independently sought housing, jobs, and opportunities other than the traditional path of marriage. With the right to vote solidified nationally and an abundance of jobs in a booming economy, the 1920s was clearly a decade in which women changed the norm.

Many teenage girls and women in their 20s and 30s embraced the "flapper" look. The style consisted of short, "bobbed" hair, short skirts (knee-length was considered short), and Cloche hats with ribbons to convey their relationship status (see image below). Accompanying behavior may have included smoking cigarettes, consuming alcohol, and sexual liberation. Visiting nightclubs and bars that illegally sold alcohol and dancing to jazz music rounded out the picture. Many older adults were shocked and upset with the look and behavior of flappers.

Fig. 3 - Photo of a typical 1920s flapper.

New Technology in the Roaring 20s

The Roaring 20s saw the emergence of new technology. There was a rapid expansion of the assembly line popularized by Henry Ford. He created affordable automobiles (e.g. Model T Ford) for more citizens than ever before. As wages increased 25% from 1900, the opportunity to purchase items previously-owned only by the rich arose. From radios to washing machines, refrigerators, freezers, vacuum cleaners, and cars, American households filled their homes with machines that made life easier and resulted in more leisure time.

Fig. 4 - 1911 catalog image of the Ford Model T, another symbol of the Roaring 20s.

An aircraft revolution that began in 1903 expanded significantly in the 1920s with longer-range planes popularized by Charles Lindbergh and Amelia Earhart, the first man and woman to fly solo across the Atlantic in 1927 and 1932, respectively. By the end of the decade, two-thirds of all homes were electrified and there was a Model T on the road for every five Americans.

The purchasing and spending boom of the Roaring 20s was largely fueled by increased production and the availability of credit. Higher wages and credit options allowed consumers, and even investors, to purchase goods using loans. Installment buying allowed consumers to make payments over time and stock investors often purchased stocks on margin, purchasing additional stock shares using loans from stockbrokers. These financial practices were contributing factors to the Great Depression that impacted America in 1929.