Watts Riot

Rodney King. George Floyd. Sandra Bland. The names of these victims of racial profiling may vary, but they all represent the social inequality that plagues the United States today. Their cases reveal something rotten to the core in the country's systems of policing as well as its sick meritocracy. Let's go back to 1965 to a country that was in the thick of many seismic changes in civil rights–and the Watts riots would register quite highly on this particular seismograph.

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    Watts Riots / Content Warning / StudySmarter

    An incident instigated the Watts riots on Wednesday, August 11, 1965, in Watts, a predominantly African American, economically deprived area in the south of Los Angeles. These were the most severe riots to hit LA until the infamous Rodney King incident, which sparked the LA riots of 1992. Want to find out more? Read on for a quick primer on the Watts Riots of 1965.

    Watts Riots 1965

    racial profiling (gerund) - when the police target a person because of their race or skin color.

    The facts from that evening were as follows: two Black stepbrothers, Marquette and Ronald Frye were pulled over for reckless driving in front of their residence at the corner of 116th and Avalon Streets. Police administered a sobriety test to Marquette, which he subsequently failed. The pair's mother, Rena Frye, appeared from within the residence and began berating her son, causing chaos that appeared to escalate the situation.

    Watts riot arrest StudySmarterFig. 1 - Man arrested during Watts riots, Wikimedia Commons.

    One of the officers called for backup support while the other attempted to detain the suspect. At one point, the officer attempted to subdue Frye by tapping him on the shoulder with his baton, but he instead struck Frye on the head. Soon a crowd of 50 had gathered and begun throwing objects at the officers. Another phalanx of officers arrived on the scene. The Fryes were then restrained, with Ronald being sent to jail.

    Word soon spread that Rena Frye was being abused by officers, which fanned the flames of the crowd's anger. One woman spits on the police, who then chase down and grab her, further fuelling the crowd's wrath. The crowd soon swelled to less manageable numbers. The conflict appeared to die in the wee hours but flared up again just before dawn.

    On the first night, there were in toto 1500 rioters. That night:

    • 19 police officers were hurt.
    • 31 adults were arrested.
    • 12 juveniles were arrested.
    • 15 civilians were injured.

    Watts Riot burning buildings StudySmarterFig. 2- Burning building during the Watts riots, Wikimedia Commons

    Cause of Watts Riots

    While superficially, the instigating factor in the Watts riots was a mundane traffic stop gone wrong, one must examine the seething discontent underneath the surface to fully understand the root cause of the riots. A powder keg situation had been brewing for centuries in American race relations. Still, civil rights gains have contributed to a general air of Black empowerment over the last few years.

    The Montgomery bus boycott that came in the wake of Rosa Parks' stand for her rights, and the attack by the police on the peaceful protesters at Selma: these incidences, among others, had fanned the flames of righteousness and discontent at the status quo and the powers that be.

    Watts Los Angeles Riots

    In addition, there were local considerations to be taken: much anger directed at the mayor of Los Angeles, who had turned down anti-poverty assistance and job programs earmarked for the district. Failing schools, a plummeting literacy rate, and a rapidly growing Black populace contributed to disenfranchisement and dissatisfaction.

    African Americans felt targeted by white police, as racial profiling and police brutality had already become the norm. Everyone was familiar with the effects of systemic racism, and yet nothing was being done to eradicate it on a municipal or state level. The following statistics point to the beginning of a volatile mood in the LA socioeconomic landscape:

    • Rapid population growth meant that the African American population had increased by over 600% from the 1940s to the 1960s.
    • 2/3 of the Black population had no high school diploma.
    • 1/3 of the Black population was illiterate.
    • 83% of Black housing was substandard.

    Watts Race Riots

    All told, amid the fires, chaos, and repeated gunfire:

    • 14,000 national guard troops were deployed.
    • 2,000 police officers were dispatched.
    • 15 civilians were injured.
    • 28 people died.

    {The Watts Riots were) the beginning of a stirring of those people in our society who have been passed by the progress of the past decade."1

    Martin Luther King, Jr., August 1965

    Watts Riots History (Historiography)

    Watts Riots MLK StudySmarterFig. 3- Statue of MLK

    What did Watts accomplish but the death of thirty-four Negroes and injury to thousands more? What did it profit the Negro to burn down stores and factories where he sought employment? the way of riots is not a way of progress, but a blind alley of death and destruction which wreaks its havoc hardest against the rioters themselves."1 - Martin Luther King Jr., 1966

    Lessons weren't learned, just as the signs of poverty and unrest were ignored as possible harbingers of trouble in 1965. Therefore now we can see the Watts riots as a precursor to Rodney King and the LA riots of 1991 in terms of its speed of escalation as well as the damage that was done.

    When writing an essay, it can add weight to your argument to add a paragraph mentioning the opposing viewpoint. Write an essay on the Watts Riots from the protesters' perspective, then add Martin Luther King, Jr.'s viewpoint and his reasons for it.

    Watts Riot - Key takeaways

    • The Watts riots were protests and social unrest in Watts, a Black section of Los Angeles, starting on Wednesday, August 11, 1965.
    • The riots were sparked by a police traffic stop at the corner of 116th and Avalon Streets in Watts. Two Black stepbrothers, Marquette and Ronald Frye were pulled over for reckless driving. Marquette was given a sobriety test. The brothers became agitated when a police officer struck one of them with his baton. The Frye's mother, Rena, came outside and became embroiled in the imbroglio, escalating the situation.
    • The Watts riots' underlying cause was anger at local politicians, declining rates of employment and literacy, and increasing poverty in an increasing Black population. In addition, protesters felt empowered by recent civil rights gains.

    References

    1. Watts Rebellion (Los Angeles). (2018, June 6). The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute. https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/watts-rebellion-los-angeles
    Frequently Asked Questions about Watts Riot

    What were the Watts riots?

    The Watts riots were a series of fraught protests in South LA which were instigated during an incident in which a white police officer struck a Black man during a traffic stop.

    When were the Watts riots?

    The Watts riots began on August 11, 1965.

    What facts contributed to the Watts riots of 1965?

    The civil unrest was sparked by anger at local politicians, systemic racism and police violence, a growing Black populace, and political empowerment among blacks from recent civil rights gains.

    Who was president during the Watts riots?

    Lyndon B. Johnson.

    Were the Watts riots successful?

    They were not a success per se, but they did serve to call attention to the plight of non-Southern economic disparity and population/housing density in African American urban areas. It also resulted in new legislation from President Lyndon Johnson.

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