Women in the American Revolution

Women's Roles in the American Revolution

What kinds of roles did women take up during the American Revolution?

Seamstresses, Cooks, and Maids

Fig. 1: Mary Hays, also known as Molly Pitcher.

At the onset of the war, many women followed their husbands and performed sewing, cooking, and maid services. These positions became the earliest roles that women took on in the war. Other women extended their camp duties to include the battlefield. For example, in 1776, at the Battle of Fort Washington, Margaret Corbin followed her husband onto the battlefield. Her husband's responsibility included loading and firing the cannons. During the battle, Corbin's husband died manning his cannon. By his side at the time of the incident, Corbin continued loading and firing the cannon until she became injured. Margaret Corbin's heroism contributed to the legend of Molly Pitcher.

Nurses

Fig. 2: A Nurse Tends to Injured Soldiers during the Revolutionary War.

As it was an unprecedented role, nurses did not appear on battlefields until the end of the American Revolution. The original nurses tended to be women who had followed their husbands into camp. Women handled routine work such as feeding and bathing patients and cleaning. A resolution, signed on July 27^th, 1775, allocated two dollars a month to nurses. Appreciation for the nursing profession became evident as the payment to nurses increased to four dollars in 1776.

Soldiers

Fig. 3: Nancy Hart Catches the Tories.

Though women were not allowed to enlist as soldiers in the American Revolution, it did not stop many from donning a uniform and fighting. Very few women made it past the entrance into the military. However, several became victorious soldiers and participated in battles. For example, Deborah Sampson and Sally St. Clair had successful soldiers' roles. St. Clair's gender stayed unknown until she died in battle. Women played a decisive part in the American Revolution. One woman even started a female militia.

Spies

Women, thought to be intellectually inferior, became the perfect ally for both sides as spies. “Washington often used women as scouts and spies because of their ability to gain information not easy to obtain.” Women's perceived feminine and naive qualities made them seem trustworthy. As a result, many female spies found success in their intelligence endeavors.

Women Spies in the American Revolution

A Society of Patriotic Ladies at Edenton in North Carolina. Source: Wikimedia Commons.

Anna Smith Strong

Along with caring for the household while their husbands fought, some women became spies who ultimately helped the colonies win the war. For example, Anna Smith Strong became a spy for the Culper Spy Ring and is well known for having sent messages through hanging laundry. For instance, Strong hung a black petticoat on the clothesline when a message needed to be picked up by a courier. The Culper Spy Ring accomplished an undeniable intelligence feat throughout the war, passing on crucial information for the Continental Army.

Anne Bates

Philadelphia school teacher, Anne Bates, became a successful British spy who breached General Washington's camp on multiple occasions. Bates followed her husband, a British soldier, to his military station in New York. Shortly afterward, Major Drummond employed Bates as a spy. Eventually, she successfully entered Washington's camp and relayed pertinent information to the British. In the end, Bates became one of the most well-known spies during the war.

African American Women in the American Revolution

African American lifestyles in the North varied greatly from those of the South. After the American Revolution, many Northern states abolished slavery, giving African American women access to previously nonexistent rights. For example, many women enjoyed the right to marry, keep their children, and own property. After the American Revolution, the treatment of African Americans in the South remained inhuman, often denying fundamental human rights and enforcing slavery.

Frontispiece of the Memoir and poems of Phillis Wheatley. Source: Wikimedia Commons.

Enslaved African American women, like their male counterparts, took advantage of the chaos and confusion occurring in the American Revolution and used it as a stepping stone to gain freedom. Fuelled by an intense yearning for freedom and a love of family, many African American women fled in an attempt to take their freedom. Before the American Revolution, the majority of runaway slaves were male. In sharp contrast, almost one-third of runaway slaves were female during the war. The rhetoric of the revolution had urged enslaved African American women to pursue freedom and challenge the ideals of slavery.

Women’s Rights in the American Revolution

Peggy Shippen and her daughter. Source: Wikimedia Commons.

Women's rights consisted of strictly household roles in America's early years. Raising virtuous children and influencing their husbands through morality became the life standard for a colonial woman. The Law of Coverture withstood even the political upheavals of the American Revolution, requiring women to remain void of political identities. The law stated that women remained under their father's identity at birth, and after marriage, the women transitioned to becoming one with their husbands. "Women could not own property, control their own money, or sign legal documents." The Law of Coverture placed restrictions on women from birth through marriage, therefore, minimizing women's rights and political identity even further.

Portrait of Abigail Smith Adams. Source: Wikimedia Commons (Public Domain).

After the Revolutionary War, some women took a more robust political stance, lobbying for increased legal rights and equality. For example, Abigail Adams entered the political arena lobbying for women's rights and freedoms through her writing. In a letter to her husband, John Adams, she writes:

In her letter (above), Abigail Adams requests her husband to create room for women's rights in the "new Code of Laws." Though John Adams declined to "remember the ladies," Abigail Adams continued to fight for equality in women's education and political rights after the American Revolution.

Betsy Ross and "The Birth of Old Glory". Source: Wikimedia Commons.

The Revolutionary war spurred a new perspective on women's rights and equality, directly challenging the existing patriarchal systems. While women did not receive voting, political, or educational rights after the revolutionary war, the new equality ideology created a firm foundation for the women's rights and suffrage (voting) movements to come.

Women After the American Revolution

Spinning in the Colonial Kitchen. Source: Wikimedia Commons.

Throughout the American Revolution, women influenced politics, shaped the war's outcome, and fought for equality. While women's rights remained essentially unchanged after the war, the equality rhetoric of the revolution influenced significant changes to women's right to inheritance. All states eradicated traditional inheritance practices that generally favored the eldest son. Ultimately, inheritance equality became the norm, including sons and daughters equally.

Women's rights after the Revolutionary war did not have many successful gains. Gender discrimination ultimately kept women from receiving the right to vote. However, New Jersey allowed women landowners to vote, though legislators revoked the right in 1807. Nevertheless, with the independence of America came women's right to separation from abusive husbands. Under English authority, divorce became almost unthinkable for women. After the war, all states acknowledged the necessity to end abusive marriages. However, each state adopted unique ways of dealing with the subject.

1. Allison Lange, Women's Rights in the Early Republic, 2015.

2. Sir William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, Book the First: Chapter the Fifteenth: Of Husband and Wife. 4 vols. 1765-1769.

3. Abigail Adams. "Letter to John Adams, 31 March 1776".

4. Karen Cook Bell, Running from Bondage: Enslaved Women and Their Remarkable Fight for Freedom in Revolutionary America, 2021.

5. Duquesne University, "The History of Wartime Nurses", (n.d.).

6. Heather K. Garrett, Camp Followers, Nurses, Soldiers, and Spies: Women and the Modern Memory of the Revolutionary War, 2016.

7. Master Sgt. Quinnus G. Caldwell, The Importance of Spies to Washington's Success, 2018.