Agricultural Hearths

Major Agricultural Hearths

Agricultural hearths appeared in different areas around the world, independently and unique to their regions. Historically, areas where major agricultural hearths developed were also where early urban civilizations first began. As people shifted from nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyles to sedentary agriculture, agricultural villages were able to form and develop. Within these new settlement patterns, people were able to trade and organize, creating new and innovative ways to farm.

The shift from nomadic lifestyles to sedentary agriculture occurred over long periods of time for many different reasons. Sedentary agriculture is an agricultural practice in which the same land is used every year. Favorable environmental conditions, such as good climate and soil fertility, were significant factors in the development of sedentary agriculture. Sedentary agriculture could also allow for the production of surplus food, enabling greater population growth. Sedentary agriculture made it feasible for more people to congregate together.

This shift is associated with the rise of early urban civilizations, when humans first began to meet and settle in areas, building infrastructure, creating new technology, and developing cultural and social traditions. With a growing food stock from sedentary agriculture, populations and towns grew to larger civilizations. As civilizations grew, greater social structures and ruling systems were set in place to keep order and command different tasks for people to complete. In many ways, sedentary agriculture helped create the economic and political structures we know today.

Original Agricultural Hearths

The original agricultural hearths are located in different areas of the world. The Fertile Crescent is where sedentary agriculture first began. The Fertile Crescent, located in Southwest Asia, covers parts of present-day Syria, Jordan, Palestine, Israel, Lebanon, Iraq, Iran, Egypt, and Turkey. Although it covers a large tract of land, the Fertile Crescent is close to the Tigris, Euphrates, and Nile rivers, which provided an abundance of water for irrigation, fertile soil, and trading opportunities. The main crops grown and produced in this region were primarily grains such as wheat, barley, and oats.

In the Indus River Valley, large amounts of rainfall and flooding created excellent conditions for farming. Fertile and nutrient-rich soil allowed for the cultivation of lentils and beans, which fueled population growth. Along with being an agricultural hearth, the Indus Valley Civilization was one of the largest early civilizations in the world.

Farming was also developed independently in sub-Saharan Africa, far from the Fertile Crescent. First conceived in East Africa, farming in sub-Saharan Africa likely emerged as a way to feed an expanding population. Subsequently, as farming practices improved, the population increased even more. Sorghum and yams, unique to the region, were domesticated around 8,000 years ago. Agricultural domestication then spread into other parts of Africa, particularly southern Africa.

Similarly, agricultural villages began to take off in areas around the Yangtze River in present-day China. Water, an important component of agriculture, was in abundance in that area, allowing for the domestication of rice and soybeans. The invention of paddy fields is thought to have originated at this time as the ideal method for the greater production of rice.

Fig. 1 - Jiangxi Chongyi Hakka Terraces in China

In Latin America, major hearths emerged in areas now known as Mexico and Peru. The most influential crop that came from the Americas was maize, commonly called corn, one of the most researched crops in the world. Although the origin of maize is still disputed, its domestication has been traced to both Mexico and Peru. Additionally, cotton and beans were primary crops in Mexico while Peru focused on potatoes.

In Southeast Asia, tropical and humid conditions allowed for major crops such as mangoes and coconuts to grow. Southeast Asia benefited from an abundance of fertile soil due to an abundance of water and volcanic activity. This region is notable for being a source of inspiration for Carl Sauer's Land of Plenty Hypothesis.

Carl Sauer's Land of Plenty Hypothesis

Carl Sauer (1889-1975), a prominent American geographer, presented a theory that the experimentation necessary to develop agriculture could only occur in lands of plenty, i.e., in areas with an abundance of natural resources. He hypothesizes that seed domestication, artificial selection of wild plants in combination with hybridizing or cloning in order to produce higher amounts of the same crop, originated in Southeast Asia. The first domestication of tropical plants likely occurred there due to favorable climate and topography, while people moved towards a more sedentary lifestyle.

Agricultural Hearths Map

This agricultural hearths map depicts several hearths and the possible diffusions in farming practices over time. The emergence of crops throughout different trading routes over time presents evidence that trade was the primary source of agricultural diffusion. The Silk Road, a network of trade routes connecting East Asia, Southwest Asia, and Europe together, was a highly traveled route for transporting goods such as metals and wool. It's also likely that different plant seeds were dispersed through this route as well.

Fig. 2 - Map of agricultural hearths and the diffusion of agriculture

Diffusion through migration is also another explanation of the diffusion of crops. Although early civilizations and settlement patterns existed, there were still plenty of people leading nomadic lifestyles. The migration of people, both voluntary and forced, has occurred throughout history. With that, people bring along who they are and what they know, likely spreading innovative agricultural ideas. Over time, agricultural hearths spread and gradually turned into the territories and countries that we know today.

Agricultural Hearths Examples

Among all agricultural hearths examples, the Fertile Crescent offers important insight into both agricultural beginnings and evidence of early organized civilization. Ancient Mesopotamia is home to Sumer, one of the first known civilizations.

Fig. 3 - Standard of Ur, Peace Panel; Artistic evidence of the importance of food and celebration in Sumerian society

The Fertile Crescent: Mesopotamia

Sumer had distinct human-driven developments including language, government, economy, and culture. Sumerians settled in Mesopotamia around 4500 B.C., building villages around farming communities in the area. Cuneiform, a series of characters used for writing on clay tablets, was an important achievement of the Sumerians. Writing allowed the opportunity to keep records for farmers and traders at the time.

Sumerians also created canals and ditches, which allowed for the control of water in and out of their towns. Although initially invented for flood mitigation, it became a major tool for irrigation, which allowed agriculture to flourish.

Over time, as populations grew and civilization developed further, governments became more concerned about food supply and stability. Crop yield was representative of how successful or legitimate a ruler was, and was a major cause of both success and failure. With this pressure in place, agriculture became politicized early on, as disruptions in agriculture affected everything from the health and well-being of society, productivity in trade and commerce, and the stability of a government.