Natural Resource Depletion

Causes of Natural Resource Depletion

Causes of natural resource depletion include consumption habits, population growth, industrialization, climate change, and pollution.

Population

Consumption habits and population sizes differ by country, region, and city. The way people live, transport themselves, and shop affects which natural resources are used. The electronics we buy and cars we drive require minerals like lithium and iron which are primarily sourced from the environment.

Higher-income countries such as the US have remarkably higher material and ecological footprints.¹ This is due to the wide availability of many products in the US market, larger homes that require energy, and higher car dependency than in European countries. Coupled with population increases, more people are competing for the same materials.

Fig. 1 - World map by ecological footprint, calculated by the effect population has on land

Industrialization

Industrialization requires large amounts of natural resource extraction and processing. For economic growth, many countries depend on industrialization, making it a key part of development. While Western countries experienced major industrial periods at the end of the 19th century, Southeast Asia only began industrializing after the 1960s.² This means there has been ongoing intensive resource extraction for over a century.

Currently, Southeast Asia has a large amount of industrial and manufacturing plants that create products for the global market. In combination with population increases, the region has experienced major economic developments. This means more people can buy homes, vehicles, and products than they could before. However, this has also rapidly increased natural resource use.¹

Climate Change

Climate change is causing natural resource depletion through increased extreme weather events. These weather events include droughts, floods, and forest fires that deplete natural resources.

Pollution

Pollution contaminates air, water, and soil resources, making them unfit for human or animal use. This reduces the amount of resources that can be used, putting greater pressure on other resources.

Natural Resource Depletion Effects

As the supply of natural resources decreases while demand increases, several effects are felt at economic, social, and environmental levels.

As the prices of resources increase, the cost of creating products or providing services could also increase. For instance, a decrease in fossil fuel supplies would lead to increases in fuel costs. This affects households, businesses, and the overall economy, increasing the cost of living. As resources become scarce, conflict between countries and regions could occur which could escalate globally.

Fig. 2 - Climate change feedback cycles

Depleting resources damages the environment, disrupting ecosystem balance and functions. While climate change is a cause of natural resource depletion, it's also an effect. This is due to positive feedback loops that are created in the environment. For instance, introducing carbon into the atmosphere from fossil fuel burning can lead to further natural resource loss by triggering extreme weather trends which create droughts, wildfires, and floods.

Positive feedback loops are one way of understanding the effects of natural resource depletion. In reality, there is still a lot of uncertainty about exactly how humans are affected. Through extinctions and habitat destruction, most of the burden has been put on ecosystems and wildlife.

Examples of Natural Resource Depletion

There are some notable examples of natural resource depletion in the Amazon Rainforest of Brazil and in the Florida Everglades.

The Amazon

The Amazon Rainforest has seen rapid deforestation in the last century. The Amazon contains the majority of tropical rainforest in the world. The forest contains high biodiversity and contributes to global water and carbon cycles.

Brazil has set out to "conquer" the rainforest and contribute to the agricultural economy. In 1964, the National Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform (INCRA) was created by Brazil's government to accomplish this goal. Since then, farmers, ranchers, and laborers have poured into the Amazon to extract lumber, acquire cheap land, and grow crops. This has come at a great expense to the environment, with 27% of the Amazon deforested so far.⁴

Fig. 3 - The Amazon Rainforest

Rapid deforestation is causing changes in the climate already. The growing absence of trees is linked to the frequency of droughts and floods. With no changes to the rate of deforestation, there is concern that losing the Amazon could trigger other climate events.

Everglades

The Everglades is a tropical wetland in Florida, with one of the most unique ecosystems in the world. After driving out Indigenous groups from the area in the 19th century, Florida settlers sought to drain the Everglades for agriculture and urban development. Within a century, half the original Everglades had been drained and converted to other uses. The effects of the drainage have heavily affected local ecosystems.

It wasn't until the 1960s that conservation groups began to sound the alarms on the climate effects of losing the Everglades. A major portion of the Everglades is now a national park, as well as a World Heritage Site, International Biosphere Reserve, and a Wetland of International Importance.

Natural Resource Depletion Solutions

Humans have a wide range of tools to prevent further resource depletion and conserve what remains.

Sustainable Development Policies

Sustainable development aims to fulfill the needs of current populations without compromising the needs of future populations. Sustainable development policies are a collection of guidelines and principles that can guide sustainable development in resource use. This can include conservation efforts, technological advancements, and curbing consumption habits.

The UN's Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 12 "ensures sustainable consumption and production patterns" and outlines which areas are using higher rates of resources.¹ Despite high resource consumption worldwide, resource efficiency has progressed this SDG goal further than others.

Resource Efficiency

Resource efficiency can take many different forms. Some have proposed a circular economy where resources are shared, re-used, and recycled until they are unusable. This is in contrast to a linear economy, which takes resources that make products that end up as waste. Many of our cars and electronics are built to last a few years until they begin breaking down. In the circular economy, the focus is put on longevity and efficiency.