Sustainable Development Goal 15

Sustainable Development Goal 15 Life on Land

The United Nations clearly defines each SDG so that member states know exactly what targets to focus on to accurately and adequately implement relevant legislation. The UN defines the goal of SDG 15, Life on Land, as:

Thus, SDG 15 is broad and encompasses many different targets that each have their own indicators. As humanity has rapidly expanded our population, use of resources, and economies in the past few decades, Earth's ecosystems have suffered the consequence of our unconstrained growth. They are increasingly polluted, destroyed, and exploited. Humanity cannot continue this damage if we want to have a sustainable future. SDG 15 seeks to prevent the continued destruction of terrestrial ecosystems.

Fig. 2 - Humans have polluted our terrestrial ecosystems, as seen at this landfill in Finland. SDG 15 seeks to solve this problem

Biodiversity and Ecosystems

Biodiversity is an important environmental characteristic of life on Earth. SDG 15 seeks to halt biodiversity loss. What exactly does that mean?

Biodiversity is not only important for the functioning of complex ecosystems, but also is important for human survival as well. Medicines and treatments are not just synthesized in pharmaceutical labs but also can be discovered in the environment. For instance, biodiversity provides natural medicines. Thus, hidden deep inside the rain forest could be the genetic material pharmacists need for a new medicine.

Another benefit of biodiversity is more food options. Modern agriculture has adopted monoculture, in which farmers embrace the cultivation of a uniform crop. If a disease were to target this crop, that would be disastrous. Biodiversity provides a defense against this disaster by having multiple genetic options for each crop.

Fig. 3 - Tropical rainforests are highly biodiverse and contain millions of species

Biodiversity is being challenged around the world as species lose their habitats and go extinct. Tens of thousands of species are known to be at risk of extinction. These are known as endangered species. Famous examples of endangered species include gorillas, rhinos, elephants, tuna, sea turtles, giant pandas, and many more.

Extinction is not only harmful to human life, but also it harms the environment. Ecosystems depend upon complex food webs and symbiotic relations to survive. The loss of biodiversity threatens that survival.

Deforestation

A biome with a high concentration of biodiversity is the tropical rainforest. Rainforests are home to many species because the thick vegetation provides resource-rich habitats. Due to the canopies and the great height of the rainforest's trees, there are multiple tiers of niches. For instance, there is a whole ecosystem on the rainforest floor and another in the canopy.

The health of forests is also directly correlated to the health of all of Earth's organisms. Forests are known as the lungs of the Earth because they provide the oxygen that humans and other life forms depend on for survival.

Through the expansion of our settlements and economies, humans are directly destroying rainforests. This negatively impacts biodiversity and our own health. One of the major processes destroying forests is deforestation.

A major location for deforestation is the Amazon rainforest of Brazil. Brazilian politicians and businessmen have been selling the rainforest of the Amazon to developers, logging companies, and cattle ranchers. Due to the resources available in the rainforest, it is seen as a treasure chest of economic opportunities, instead of being worthy of protection.

Fig. 4 - Humanity is destroying our forests through deforestation. This causes the extinction of species by shrinking habitats and destroying food sources

Brazil and its Amazon rainforest is not the only location where deforestation is occurring. Deforestation is happening all around the world. The United Nations sees this as a problem that must be halted because forests are home to millions of species.

Desertification, Land Degradation and Drought

SDG 15 includes provisions to protect the land from desertification, land degradation, and drought as well. These three environmental processes, which can be human-induced, affect the arability and productivity of the land. They diminish the quantity and quality of food produced, which poses a threat to the sustenance of humans.

One common form of land degradation is erosion. There are many different forms of erosion. One common form is coastal erosion, a natural process caused by the constant flow of water and waves long the coasts. However, coastal erosion is happening more frequently and unpredictably as the sea level rises. This directly diminishes the quality and quantity of coastal lands.

Fig. 5 - This land is degraded as a result of coastal erosion. The seas are rising and causing coastal areas to be unusable

Land degradation is harmful because it leads to the production of arable land and the cultivation of less food. This can cause malnutrition and threaten famine.

Desertification

A major form of land degradation is desertification.

We think of deserts as barren landscapes with little vegetation. As dry landscapes spread as a result of desertification, this means the productivity and arability of our land is decreasing. An area that was once an arable farm can turn in to a wasteland.

Climate change will not only cause rising seas that change our coastlines, but it will also cause inland areas to be less arable as they become drier and barren.

Fig. 6 - Desertification causes the land to no longer be arable

Desertification can be prevented through better land and water management. It will help ensure that humanity has proper farmland to be able to grow the food needed to survive.

Salinization

Another form of land degradation is salinization.

Salinization diminishes the quality and arability of soil because too much salt is harmful to biological life. Plants need freshwater, not saltwater, to survive.

Similar to desertification, salinization is often caused by improper irrigation. It can be prevented through better water management.

Drought

Drought is the lack of adequate precipitation in an area for a prolonged period of time, such as a season. This leads to drier land and less agricultural productivity. It also leads to a water shortage. As climate change occurs, there will be a change in precipitation patterns. Southern California is already experiencing these changes. This region experiences long periods of no precipitation followed by a large storm that causes flooding.

Humans need water to drink, bathe, clean, and for industrial activities. Water is even needed to produce electricity. Most importantly, water is needed to produce food. We need water to survive.

Another consequence of the drought in Southern California is that this region's Mediterranean climate is known for its agricultural productivity. Drought threatens this arability, which would prove disastrous for food security.

Sustainable Development Goal Framework

The UN has an official framework of targets and indicators for member states to track their progress toward the goals of SDG 15. The targets are the objectives of SDG 15 and cover the full scope of the framework. There are 12 targets⁵ in total. Each target has at least one indicator⁶ which is a statistical finding that can be used and compared to track progress on the targets within a country as well as between countries.

As you can see, SDG 15 is broad and ambitious. It is focused on improving our use, management, and preservation of terrestrial ecosystems so that humanity can have a prosperous future.