Formal Regions

Formal vs Functional Regions

Regions are areas that share common characteristics.

Formal regions are just one type of region. The others are functional regions and vernacular/perceptual regions.

Formal regions are areas that share a uniform attribute, such as language, culture, or political organization. Formal regions are usually well-defined and established. Meanwhile, functional regions, as the name implies, are regions that exist due to a function. A functional region consists of the area surrounding a central node where the function happens. Examples include the function being a commercial activity, such as the region within a television tower's broadcasting zone or the area where a specific newspaper's readers reside.

Vernacular/perceptual regions are informal regions based on perception rather than a well-defined concept. These areas do not have formal borders, and the boundaries are often debated. For example, both Southern California and the US South exist as regions, but they are ill-defined. They have no definitive borders; it depends on how an individual perceives the region. These regions reside in our "mental maps."

Formal Regions Examples

Again, formal regions are well-defined areas with uniform attributes. Examples include political boundaries, linguistic areas, and industrial areas.

Political Boundaries

Formal political boundaries include the borders between countries. For instance, there is a clearly demarcated border between the US and Canada. This is well-defined and agreed upon. As you pass from one border of a formal region to another, especially at a political boundary, there is a noticeable difference. At international borders, there will likely be a border station where you must stop and show a form of identification to enter.

Fig. 1 - There is a well-defined border between the US and Canada. The borders of countries are borders of formal regions

Even where countries have border disputes, there are still relatively defined borders between where one region ends and another begins. For instance, in Kashmir, a region in South Asia, there are border disputes between China, India, and Pakistan. Nevertheless, Kashmir is still a formal and identifiable region.

Fig. 2 - Kashmir is a formal region with a defined border, even though the borders of the countries of the region are in dispute

Internal Boundaries

Formal regions can also exist within other formal regions. For example, in the US there are 50 states, each a formal region. Within each state are formal regions known as counties, parishes (Louisiana), cities (Virginia), and boroughs (Alaska). Within these state subdivisions are further subdivisions, also formal regions, which go by many names: towns, (civil) townships, villages, unincorporated areas, boroughs, municipalities, and so forth.

Linguistic Areas

While speakers of a language can exist anywhere, there is usually a spatial relationship for a language that can be recognized as a formal region. For instance, the French-speaking region of Canada is a formal region. While French speakers can be found across Canada, there is a clear spatial relationship between language and territory because most reside in the French-speaking region of Quebec.

Before North America was colonized by Europeans, its Indigenous populations were organized spatially by language groups.

Fig. 3 - Language map of North America

Though colonialism limited the use of Indigenous languages, language is still a unifying attribute for formal regions in North America and across the globe.

Economic Activity

Formal regions can also be defined by a shared economic activity because economic activities can be determined by the environment and its natural resources. For instance, the production area of a certain crop is a good example of a formal region. In the US, the region known for its production of corn is the Corn Belt.

Fig. 4 - The states in the Midwestern US that are known as the Corn Belt due to their production of corn

The US has a formal region in the Midwest states characterized by the production of corn. The "Corn Belt" is the world's leading producer of this crop. There, the land and geographic location is best suited to produce corn rather than other crops. When you enter this region, no matter the state, you will know because you will pass through seemingly endless cornfields.

Climate

Climate zones can also be formal regions, because climate is determined by location.

Fig. 5 - US climate zones as formal regions

In the US, California is known for its mild, year-round Mediterranean climate, the South is known for its heat and humidity, and the Northeast is known for experiencing all four seasons each year. Thus, there are well-defined climate zones in the US that are examples of formal regions.

Formal Region Characteristics

Formal regions are defined by a shared attribute such as language, culture, climate, territorial boundaries, or political organization.

Formal regions can also be defined by natural physical features. For instance, part of the border between the US and Mexico is formed by the Rio Grande. Another example is the Alps mountain range, forming the border between Switzerland and Italy. Thus, physical features play a role in both creating and defining formal regions.

Formal Region Map

Because there are numerous examples of formal regions, it is helpful to visualize them on maps.

Natural Features

Natural features can be formal regions. National parks have borders defined by governments to protect the natural environment within the borders of the park. The US has many iconic and well-known national parks, for example, Yellowstone.

Fig. 6 - Yellowstone National Park as a formal region

Middle East and North Africa

The Middle East and North Africa (MENA), also known as the Arab World, is one of the regions of the world that geographers have defined. MENA shares certain characteristics that make it a formal region. It traverses two continents and consists of 22 countries. In all these countries, the dominant spoken language is Arabic.

Fig. 7 - Map of the Middle East and North Africa, also known as the Arab World

Additionally, MENA is unified by its Islamic religious identity. This region also has an arid climate and desert biome. Thus, there are numerous shared characteristics that unify these states as a formal region.

Southeast Asia

This region of the world has immense diversity, but as a formal region, it has shared characteristics. For instance, the languages of Southeast Asia are related. There are also shared cultural values among these countries, such as beliefs about family and social structure.

Fig. 8 - Map of the region of Southeast Asia

Ten of the countries of the region are organized into a supranational organization: ASEAN. With a population of 668 million, the organization seeks to facilitate the integration and shared success of this formal region.