Choke Point

Choke Point Definition

The term sounds precisely like what it means!

Fig. 1 - Straits of Gibraltar choke point

Choke Point Geography

Choke points exist where physical geography creates obstacles to the easy passage of people and goods from one place to another. In mountain ranges, for example, only certain narrow places, known as passes, typically allow access from one side to the other.

Even a bridge can be a chokepoint; this was the case of the 427-year-old Old Bridge over the Neretva River at Mostar in Bosnia, blown up by a Croat militia in 1993 and rebuilt in 2004.

Fig. 2 - Rebuilt Old Bridge, Mostar, Bosnia

For water-going vessels, any ocean, lake, or river passage that can be restricted or choked off altogether creates vulnerabilities that make the points on land surrounding the area of high tactical value.

Many choke points come and go over time, depending on political geography and dominant modes of transportation. Others, such as narrow passages at sea, retain their importance over centuries because travel by sea is still the chief means by which goods are shipped, and military forces move around the world.

The strategic importance of choke points cannot be overstated. Control over them can bring considerable wealth and power and is a geopolitical imperative for certain nation-states.

Military Choke Points

In times of peace as well as war, the tactical and strategic value of choke points is not lost on militaries and armed groups of all types. During any land battle, careful attention paid to choke points is necessary.

For example, because railroads can play a central role in transporting people and supplies during wartime, they have often become valuable targets. Tunnels and bridges, not easily or rapidly rebuilt, are classic choke points. Or imagine controlling or destroying the point where two railroads, or trade routes of any type, cross, and you can begin to see just how critical the defense of certain places can become.

In peacetime, choke points do not lose their importance as long as they are in an area that is disputed or needs to be protected, such as from terrorists or separatist rebels. The presence of military bases near several of the chokepoints we give as examples indicates this. It is no exaggeration to say that the strangulation of commerce in any one of a handful of choke points worldwide (e.g., the Suez Canal, Panama Canal, Straits of Hormuz, or Straits of Malacca) would significantly disrupt trade and do massive damage to the world economy.

Maritime Choke Points

With the stabilization of nation-state boundaries and the reduced amount of disputed territory, land-based choke points tend to become prominent only when active conflicts occur. Maritime choke points, however, are a constant geopolitical concern. The main reason is that 90% of world trade is by ship (shipping by air is much more expensive due to fuel costs). While the high seas also have risks, the most dangerous places for ships are those where land-based piracy, terrorism, and military conflict can easily target them as they move slowly through narrow straits.

Choke Point Examples

Below are just some of the numerous choke points that have attained geostrategic importance.

Straits of Gibraltar

The Rock of Gibraltar is a 1400-foot-high promontory above the Mediterranean on a spit controlled by the UK's Royal Navy for over 300 years. It is the world's most iconic choke point. Gibraltar is a British Overseas Territory claimed by Spain, the country that holds the rest of the local real estate on the north side of the Straits of Gibraltar and some on the south (the autonomous city of Ceuta) as well. Over 100,000 ships enter and exit the Mediterranean yearly, and many of them bunker, i.e., refuel, at Gibraltar.

Fig. 3 - Rock of Gibraltar

Spain's Point Marroquí (Punta Tarifa) and Morocco's Point Cires, not Gibraltar, mark the narrowest point along the eight-mile-wide passage from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean. The general area is within the territorial waters of all three countries. None is willing to relinquish its position, as if this were some three-dimensional board game (in a way, it is!). Each has a responsibility to keep trade flowing which in today's world means avoiding conflict and stopping terrorist groups from targeting this vulnerable area.

Vicksburg, the "Gibraltar of the Confederacy"

This town sits high on a bluff above the Mississippi River in the state of Mississippi, and while it has no strategic importance today, it was the place to besiege in the Civil War. The Union set out to control it because Vicksburg was where a major rail line from the western part of the Confederacy (Louisiana and Texas) reached the Mississippi River. Supply of hides from the West was critical for the Confederacy, as was the Mississippi River, a major north-south artery for goods and troops.

Fig. 4 - Vicksburg map showing railroad route, Mississippi River, and position of the town on bluffs

After an almost two-month siege in summer 1863, Vicksburg, the most famous chokepoint of the war, finally fell to the Union.

Bosphorus and Dardanelles

These narrow Turkish straits connect the Black Sea with the Mediterranean Sea, dividing Europe (Thrace) and Asia (Anatolia). They are said to be the most strategically important maritime passages in history: armies have come and gone through here for millennia. Istanbul (formerly Constantinople), which sits astride the Bosphorus, has even been called the center of the world.

Fig. 5 - 1878 map of the Turkish straits

Today, the principal importance of Turkey's straits is their role in trade and military movement in and out of the Black Sea, particularly to and from Ukraine and Russia. For the latter country, a friendly relationship with Turkey is crucial, as, during the winter months, Russia does not have an ice-free port anywhere but on the Black Sea.

Panama Canal

This conflict-free zone carries 3% of the world's trade and, like the previous example, is located entirely within a single country. However, as in most of the Americas, choke points like the Canal are not at risk from the types of conflicts found in the Old World.

Fig. 6 - Panama Canal

Suez Canal and Bab-al-Mandeb

The Suez, an artificial passage connecting the Mediterranean and Red seas and entirely controlled by Egypt, channels 12% of world trade on 19,000 ships annually. It is of enormous strategic importance, and like other choke points in this part of the world, it is heavily protected against terrorist attacks.

Fig. 7 - Red Sea ("Mer Rouge") and its choke points

At the south end of the Red Sea is the bab-al-Mandeb or "Gate of Lamentation," connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean via the Gulf of Aden. It is bordered by Yemen to the north, a country often in violent conflict, and Eritrea and Djibouti to the south. An idea of the importance of this highly vulnerable connector between Europe, Africa, and Asia can be gained by the number of countries with military bases in tiny Djibouti: the US, China, France, Germany, Italy, the UK, and Spain, with others lining up to gain basing rights. (Part of this has to do with the protection of traffic in and out of the Port of Djibouti and the bab-al-Mandeb, and part is a projection of power on land and sea across Asia, Africa, and the Indian Ocean.)

Khyber Pass

To get from the Indian subcontinent to Europe and Asia by land or vice versa, it has always been easiest to go through Afghanistan at a single location, the Khyber Pass. This storied route through 15,000-foot mountains connects Pakistan to Afghanistan and saw up to 80% of the military supplies used by Western forces in Afghanistan wind tortuously through it after 2001.

Fig. 8 - A historic fort oversees the most strategic location in the Khyber Pass

As a gateway between central Asia and South Asia, the Khyber has seen armies traverse it and defenses mounted along it since the times of Alexander the Great. This is because mountain ranges on both sides (Hindu Kush, Karakoram, Himalaya, etc.) stretch thousands of miles with few breaks, while a flatter route to the south is a harsh desert.

Straits of Malacca

This 580-mile-long water passage in Southeast Asia carries 25% of world trade and is thus the most significant choke point in the world. Mostly between Indonesia and Malaysia and passing by Singapore, the Strait has long been plagued by piracy and is quite shallow at points. Still, alternate routes are far longer and more expensive. It is essential for China, which in the case of an international conflict involving this country, would become highly vulnerable if the Straits were closed off.

Fig. 9 - Straits of Malacca circled in red

Strait of Hormuz

The most strategic bit of maritime real estate on the planet links the Persian/Arabian Gulf and the Indian Ocean. This strait sees 25% of the world's oil and a third of its liquefied natural gas pass through on tankers every day. The US's Fifth Fleet, based in Bahrain, is responsible for the security of the ships in alliance with various Gulf states and other countries.

Fig. 10 - Strait of Hormuz

Iran, a formidable rival to the West and many Arab nations, borders the Strait of Hormuz to the north. On various occasions, Iran's leaders have reminded the US and its allies that in the event of a war, it can mine and close off the Strait, essentially crippling the world economy.