Population Policies

Characteristics of Population Policies

A government will examine its past and present population demographics in order to predict future population demographic trends/changes. This aids in determining the optimum population size for the resources a country has. This will lead to the most suitable population policies being chosen for the country. Different population policies have different components. Therefore, three main elements are considered when deciding on a population policy, these are fertility, mortality, and migration.

Fertility

Fertility is one of the main elements used in population policies. For example, increasing population size by encouraging births or limiting population size by discouraging births. This is mostly done through propaganda and incentives.

Governments may resort to propaganda to attempt to control population sizes. Propaganda may include advertisements suggesting larger or smaller families, depending on the type of population policy.

Fig. 1 - Propaganda promoting the one-child policy in China

Incentives involve using economics to increase fertility rates, including governments encouraging births by offering to pay hospital bills for birth and child day care, paid maternity leave, or even higher taxes for couples without children. Whereas incentives for lower fertility rates might include taxes on larger families, education on family planning and the provision of contraceptives and legalized abortion.

Mortality

Another element of population policy is mortality. When a population is considered too low, governments aim to reduce mortality rates, to keep the population numbers high for as long as possible. This is done by improving national health care, which also increases the chance of survival for children under 5 years of age. This is called the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), and helps to increase the population when mortality rates are high.

Migration

A further element of population policies is migration, which is used to regulate populations. This is done through incentives for inward migration (which can be internal or external), or even limiting migration through border control.

Motivations for migration can include tax incentives, subsidies, investments, and work permits for migrants.

Objectives of Population Policies

Objectives vary for different population sizes, depending on the outcome the policy is attempting to achieve. The main objectives of a population policy are to increase population size or decrease population size.

Increasing a Population Size

A country with an aging population will have many elderly members in the population, and therefore, fewer people that are of suitable working age. This is concerning for a government, as countries require working adults to help contribute to the economy. Therefore, in an attempt to resolve this issue, a population policy that aims to increase the population will be implemented. An example of an aging population will be discussed later.

Decreasing a Population Size

On the other hand, a country that already has a high population will place increasing pressure on services and resources. As a consequence, it will likely see the introduction of a population policy that attempts to reduce the growing population size.

Types of Population Policies

There are three main types of population policies; these are pro-natalist, anti-natalist and immigration policies.

Pro-Natalist

In countries with an aging population or a small population size, pro-natalist policies aim to increase the population size by increasing the fertility rate.

Anti-Natalist

In contrast, in countries where the population size is considered to be too large, anti-natalist policies are implemented in an attempt to reduce population size.

Immigration

The third major type of population policy is immigration. Immigration policies are used to control the number of immigrants who enter or leave a country. The policies can encourage an influx of immigrants, encourage emigration, or they can limit the number of immigrants entering the country.

Population Policy Examples

Many countries have introduced pro-natalist, anti-natalist and immigration policies over the years. Remember, pro-natalist policies aim to increase population size, and anti-natalist policies aim to decrease population size.

France

In 1939, France applied a pro-natalist population policy called Code de la Famille. The country was suffering from an aging population, with fewer people of suitable working age. Therefore, this policy aimed at increasing the country’s population size and gaining more laborers. The incentives of this policy include:

• Economic incentives offered to mothers who stayed at home with their children
• Banning of contraceptives (which were introduced again in 1967 to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted diseases)
• Paid maternity leave
• Free holidays for families with children

China

Between 1980 and 2016 China introduced an anti-natalist, one-child policy. The policy limited families to one child each through laws, to tackle the country’s exponential population growth, which was creating pressure on the economic progress of the country.

To prevent families from having more than one child, various enforcements were put in place. These included:

• Fines to those who did not comply
• Financial incentives to those who followed the policy
• Contraceptives
• Forced sterilizations
• Forced abortions

Fig. 2 - A poster in China showing a happy family with one child

Singapore

Singapore has introduced both pro-natalist and anti-natalist policies.

In the 1960s and 1970s, the county had an anti-natalist policy, due to having a high fertility rate and increasing population. Contraceptives were offered at lowered prices, and small families were promoted through advertisements, as well as financial incentives and education on family planning.

In 1987, the country introduced a pro-natalist policy. This policy offered financial benefits to having more children and encouragement via propaganda. This was implemented to combat the low population that occurred due to the earlier anti-natalist policy.

Sweden

Sweden currently has an open-door immigration policy. This policy aims to benefit the country economically, as immigrants will contribute to the country’s economy through taxes and labor. Additionally, the country has a low birth rate.

Sweden's Annual Immigration and Emigration from 2000 - 2017

Sweden is in the European Union (EU). This means that there is free movement within the EU for EU residents. The number of immigrants in Sweden is now at around two million.

Effects of Population Policies

There are different consequences for each kind of population policy. These can impact a country’s economy, culture, and politics. There are also long-term and short-term effects of population policies. Let's take a look:

Effects of France's Pro-Natalist Policy

The population in France began to see an increase and is still rising in the present day due to increasing fertility rates. This highlights the success of the policy. However, the policy has cost the country billions of Euros due to advertisements and incentives used in the policy. This is a long-term effect of the policy on the country’s economy.

Effects of China's Anti-Natalist Policy

The effects of China’s one-child population show that the policy did work, but not without unexpected consequences.

China’s one-child policy was dropped in 2016 because the fertility rate of the country significantly decreased. Consequently, the country gained concerns that the nation was becoming a fast-aging population, with not enough young people able to work and care for the aging population, which will impact the country’s economy.

As of 2021, families could have three children. Despite this, some families still only have one child per family as it has become engrained in Chinese culture due to the one-child policy. This worries the government as they are trying to encourage more births to care for the aging population the country faces.

Despite the policy, some families had more than one child. In families that had a second child, this child was often not legally documented, and this led to a lack of education, health care and work for the second child.

In addition to this, the policy impacted the gender balance of the country, causing the sex ratio to become very skewed. This is because many Chinese families favored male babies since males are thought to be the main workers of families and therefore the ones who were capable of earning a living, especially in rural regions. This led to many female babies being orphaned, abandoned or even killed since the families did not want them. Although, in some cases, two children were allowed in one family if the firstborn child was female, again, particularly in rural regions.

After the policy ended, there became a high male-to-female ratio in China’s population. This meant there were fewer women available to marry and as a consequence transnational human trafficking began occurring. This trafficking was done to find wives that could produce a child for the many spare males in the population.

The table below sorts these societal impacts into long-term and short-term effects.

Effects of Singapore's Population Policies

The impacts of Singapore’s population policies can be seen clearly. This is because a pro-natalist policy was initiated, following an anti-natalist policy, since the population had become so low. Fertility and birth rates dropped, and this also meant the economy suffered as there were fewer working people.

Effects of Sweden's Immigration Policy

There are many immigrants in Sweden due to their immigration policy. However, this has led to political and societal issues. There has been an increase in violent riots and growing unemployment for immigrants, creating long-term effects on the country’s economy and politics.