Preliminary Offences

Preliminary Offences Meaning

A preliminary offence refers to an act that prepares, aids, or assists in the commission of a crime. These offences do not involve the completion of the base crime (the actual act of committing the offence) but are crucial to the process leading up to it. By addressing preliminary offences, the law seeks to prevent the commission of the actual crime and hold those accountable who played a part in its orchestration.For example, providing a weapon to someone who intends to commit a robbery can be considered a preliminary offence. The person providing the weapon is not directly involved in the robbery, but their actions have contributed to the commission of the crime.

Types of Preliminary Offences

There are three main types of preliminary offences:

1. Attempt
2. Conspiracy
3. Aiding and abetting

1. Attempt:An attempt to commit a crime occurs when a person takes an action towards the commission of the base crime, but for some reason, the crime is not completed. The person must have intended to commit the crime and carried out an act that was more than mere preparation.2. Conspiracy:A conspiracy involves an agreement between two or more people to commit a crime. Unlike an attempt, a conspiracy does not require any action towards the commission of the base crime.3. Aiding and abetting:Aiding and abetting occurs when a person assists, encourages, or cooperates in the commission of a crime without directly committing the base offence. An aider and abettor may not be present at the scene of the crime, but their actions contribute to the execution of the crime.Each type of offence carries its own specific legal elements that need to be proven to establish guilt. Penalties for preliminary offences vary depending on the jurisdiction and the severity of the base crime. However, they can be just as severe as the penalties for committing the base crime itself.

Notable Preliminary Offences Cases

Some exemplary cases involving preliminary offences include: 1. R v. Eagleton (1855): This case established the principle that a person could be guilty of an attempt even if the crime was factually or legally impossible to commit. In this case, Eagleton was charged with attempting to commit a crime that was not actually an offence under the law. He was convicted of the crime of attempt, demonstrating that a person could still be held accountable for their intention to commit an unlawful act. 2. R v. Abdul-Hussain (1999): This case illustrates how the defence of necessity can apply to preliminary offences. The defendants were charged with conspiracy to commit a hijacking after seizing an aircraft to escape oppressing government in their home country. The court held that the defence of necessity could be available in a case of conspiracy if the defendants committed the act to avoid an imminent and life-threatening danger. 3. R v. Gnango (2011):In this case, the defendant and another person engaged in a shootout resulting in the death of an innocent bystander. The court convicted Gnango of aiding and abetting murder, even though it could not be proven who fired the fatal shot. The court reasoned that both the defendant and the other shooter were actively participating in the murderous act, and therefore they were parties to the same joint criminal enterprise. These cases shed light on how various aspects of preliminary offences are evaluated and addressed in the legal system. They illustrate the legal principles and doctrines that help determine the outcome of such cases.

Sentencing Guidelines for Preliminary Offences

Sentencing guidelines for preliminary offences differ based on the jurisdiction and the specific offence involved. In the UK, the court takes into account several factors when determining the appropriate sentence for preliminary offences, including: 1. Offence Category: The type and seriousness of the base crime impact the sentence for a preliminary offence. More serious crimes, such as murder or terrorism, may result in harsher sentences. 2. Level of Involvement: The court will consider the defendant's role in the offence, whether they were a principal actor, or merely assisted or encouraged the base crime. 3. Culpability: The degree of the defendant's moral or legal blameworthiness may influence the sentence. 4. Aggravating and Mitigating Factors: Factors that increase or decrease the seriousness of the offence, such as the harm caused by the offence, prior criminal history, or expressions of remorse, can impact the sentence. 5. Early Guilty Plea:A reduction in sentence may be given to defendants who plead guilty at an early stage of the proceedings. In the UK, the Sentencing Council provides guidelines for sentencing various preliminary offences. For example, the sentencing guidelines for the offence of attempting to commit a crime are generally based upon the same factors that would apply if the base crime had actually been completed.It is essential to note that these guidelines are not mandatory, and the court has discretion when imposing sentences for preliminary offences. The primary objective of these guidelines is to ensure consistency and transparency in sentencing while taking into account the specific circumstances of each case.

Comparing Preliminary Offences and Offences

In order to fully grasp the differences between preliminary offences and offences, it is important to understand how they are distinguished within the legal system. This section will discuss the key differences between the two, as well as explore real-life scenarios to provide a clearer picture of their distinction in practical applications.

Key Differences Between Preliminary Offences and Offences

There are several key differences between preliminary offences and offences that can help differentiate them within the legal system:

1. Definition and Objective
2. Stage of Criminal Conduct
3. Criminal Liability
4. Punishment

1. Definition and Objective: The primary difference lies in the nature of the acts themselves. An offence, or base crime, is the completion of a criminal act, while a preliminary offence involves actions taken in preparation or assistance for the execution of a base crime. The objective of punishing preliminary offences is to prevent the commission of the base crime, thereby disrupting criminal activity early in its process. 2. Stage of Criminal Conduct: Preliminary offences typically occur prior to the completion of the base crime. They include acts such as planning, providing assistance, or even attempting to commit the crime but failing to complete it. On the other hand, the offence itself refers to the actual criminal act, which is completed when all the elements of the crime have been satisfied. 3. Criminal Liability: Liability for preliminary offences and offences can differ. In some cases, the individuals involved in preliminary offences may not be directly involved in the commission of the base crime. However, they can be held accountable as accomplices, co-conspirators, or aiders and abettors. Conversely, the persons committing the offence are referred to as principal offenders and are typically deemed more culpable. 4. Punishment:The punishment for preliminary offences varies depending on the jurisdiction and the base crime involved. In general, preliminary offences may have lesser penalties than the base crime, but they can still result in severe penalties, depending on the circumstances. For instance, an attempt to commit murder could lead to lengthy imprisonment, even if the murder itself was not ultimately completed.

Real-life Scenarios for Preliminary Offences vs Offences

Here are three real-life scenarios to illustrate the distinction between preliminary offences and offences:

1. Scenario 1: Attempt vs Completed Crime
2. Scenario 2: Conspiracy vs Completed Crime
3. Scenario 3: Aiding and Abetting vs Completed Crime

1. Scenario 1: Attempt vs Completed Crime Alex decides to rob a local shop. He enters the shop, brandishes a knife, and demands money from the shopkeeper. However, the shopkeeper quickly presses a silent alarm, summoning the police. Alex notices the flashing police lights outside the shop and decides to flee before getting any money. In this scenario, Alex has committed an attempt to commit robbery (a preliminary offence) but has not completed the crime of robbery (the base offence) itself. 2. Scenario 2: Conspiracy vs Completed Crime Jane and Jack agree to break into a wealthy neighbour's house and steal valuable jewellery. They both make plans together and purchase tools required to commit the burglary. However, before they can execute their plans, the police receive a tip-off about the conspiracy and arrest both Jane and Jack. In this case, Jane and Jack are guilty of conspiracy to commit burglary (a preliminary offence), even though they did not complete the crime of burglary (the base offence) itself. 3. Scenario 3: Aiding and Abetting vs Completed Crime In this scenario, Sarah provides her friend, Eric, with a stolen car to use as a getaway vehicle after a bank robbery. Sarah was not present at the bank robbery and did not take part in the actual crime. Eric successfully robs the bank and escapes using the vehicle Sarah provided. In this case, Sarah is guilty of aiding and abetting the bank robbery (a preliminary offence), while Eric is guilty of the crime of bank robbery (the base offence) itself.