What is the function of neural crest cells in embryonic development?
Neural crest cells are multipotent cells that migrate from the embryonic neural tube and differentiate into various cell types, contributing to the development of structures such as peripheral nerves, facial cartilage, and melanocytes, as well as adrenal medulla and certain heart tissues.
How do neural crest cells contribute to the development of the peripheral nervous system?
Neural crest cells give rise to numerous components of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), including sensory neurons, sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia, Schwann cells, and the adrenal medulla. These cells undergo extensive migration and differentiation, forming critical structures that facilitate signal transmission and regulation throughout the body.
What are the diseases associated with neural crest cell defects?
Diseases associated with neural crest cell defects include Hirschsprung's disease, Waardenburg syndrome, CHARGE syndrome, neuroblastoma, and DiGeorge syndrome. These disorders arise from the improper migration, differentiation, or survival of neural crest cells during embryonic development.
How do neural crest cells migrate during embryonic development?
Neural crest cells migrate during embryonic development through an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, allowing them to detach and move along defined pathways. They travel through the extracellular matrix, guided by chemotactic signals, cell adhesion molecules, and the surrounding tissue environment to reach their target destinations in the developing embryo.
What are the signaling pathways involved in neural crest cell differentiation?
Signaling pathways involved in neural crest cell differentiation include Wnt, BMP, Notch, and FGF. These pathways interact to regulate gene expression and cellular processes necessary for the development and differentiation of neural crest cells into diverse cell types.