Is DNA methylation hereditary?
Yes, DNA methylation can be hereditary. Epigenetic marks, including DNA methylation, can be passed from parents to offspring, influencing gene expression across generations. However, the transmission of these marks can be influenced by environmental factors and may not be consistent or permanent.
What role does DNA methylation play in gene expression regulation?
DNA methylation plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression by adding methyl groups to DNA, usually at cytosine bases. This modification can suppress gene expression by blocking transcription factor binding or recruiting proteins that compact chromatin, thereby reducing accessibility to the transcriptional machinery.
How does DNA methylation influence disease development?
DNA methylation can influence disease development by altering gene expression, potentially silencing tumor suppressor genes or activating oncogenes. This dysregulation can contribute to various diseases, including cancer, by affecting cell differentiation, proliferation, and genomic stability. Additionally, abnormal methylation patterns are associated with neurodegenerative disorders and autoimmune diseases.
Can DNA methylation be reversed?
Yes, DNA methylation can be reversed. This process is known as demethylation, which can occur through passive loss of methylation during DNA replication or active removal by enzymes such as TET proteins, which convert 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and further derivatives that ultimately restore unmethylated cytosine.
How is DNA methylation detected or measured in laboratory settings?
DNA methylation is detected or measured using techniques such as bisulfite sequencing, methylation-specific PCR (MSP), pyrosequencing, and DNA methylation arrays. These methods provide information about the presence and pattern of methyl groups on DNA, offering insights into epigenetic regulation.