What role do glucocorticoids play in the stress response?
Glucocorticoids, primarily cortisol, play a vital role in the stress response by modulating the metabolism and immune function. They help mobilize energy resources by increasing glucose availability, suppress inflammation to prevent tissue damage, and influence mood and cognitive functions to adapt to stressors.
How do glucocorticoids affect immune system function?
Glucocorticoids modulate immune system function by suppressing inflammation and immune responses. They reduce the activity of immune cells, like T lymphocytes and macrophages, and inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This can lead to decreased immune activity, which is beneficial for controlling excessive inflammatory responses but may increase susceptibility to infections.
How do glucocorticoids interact with their receptors to regulate gene expression?
Glucocorticoids diffuse across the cell membrane and bind to glucocorticoid receptors in the cytoplasm, triggering receptor activation and translocation into the nucleus. There, the complex acts as a transcription factor, binding to glucocorticoid response elements on DNA to regulate the transcription of target genes, influencing various physiological processes.
What are the side effects of prolonged glucocorticoid signaling in the body?
Prolonged glucocorticoid signaling can lead to side effects such as immunosuppression, osteoporosis, muscle wasting, skin thinning, hyperglycemia, hypertension, weight gain, and increased risk of infections. Additionally, it may contribute to mood changes, cataracts, and redistribution of body fat, often leading to Cushing's syndrome.
How do glucocorticoids influence metabolism and energy regulation in the body?
Glucocorticoids influence metabolism and energy regulation by increasing gluconeogenesis, promoting lipolysis, and enhancing protein catabolism. They elevate blood glucose levels, facilitating energy availability, and modulate insulin sensitivity. These hormones help the body manage stress by redistributing energy resources to meet the demands of various physiological processes.