What are the main components of the vertebrate skeletal system?
The main components of the vertebrate skeletal system are bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons. Bones provide structure and support, cartilage offers flexibility at joints, ligaments connect bones, and tendons attach muscles to bones.
How is the vertebrate nervous system organized?
The vertebrate nervous system is organized into the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which includes cranial and spinal nerves. The CNS processes information, while the PNS transmits signals between the CNS and the rest of the body.
How does the circulatory system function in vertebrates?
In vertebrates, the circulatory system transports blood via a network of arteries, veins, and capillaries. The heart pumps oxygenated blood from the lungs to the body and deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs. Nutrients and waste are exchanged at the capillaries, supporting cellular functions.
What are the key differences between vertebrate and invertebrate anatomy?
Vertebrates possess a backbone or spinal column, an internal skeleton, and a more complex nervous system, while invertebrates lack a backbone and typically have an exoskeleton or no skeleton at all. Vertebrates are generally larger with complex organ systems, whereas invertebrates are often smaller and simpler in structure.
What role do muscles play in vertebrate movement and support?
Muscles in vertebrates facilitate movement by contracting and pulling on bones, which function as levers. They also provide structural support by maintaining posture and stabilizing joints, ensuring balance and coordination. Additionally, muscles assist in vital functions such as circulation and respiration.