Civil Service

Civil Service System

The practice of awarding government jobs to political supporters is known as political patronage. Also known as the spoils system, government jobs often changed hands when new members of congress and presidents took office. After the American Civil War, a push to reform this age-old practice and create a fair path to government employment was pushed by congress and various presidents.

Before the Civil War, the Jacksonian era of political party influence was directly connected to government service jobs. The concept of career public service in unelected positions was unrealistic, as large numbers of jobs changed hands once a new political party came to power in Washington. Those who campaigned for the election victors were rewarded with government jobs that lasted until a new party candidate took power.

The federal bureaucratic inefficiencies of the spoils system were addressed by President Grant soon after the Civil War came to end. The former Union general initiated short-lived reform.

1872 Harper's Weekly cartoon depicting President Grant serving medicinal gruel (civil service reform) to reluctant U.S. Senators, Wikimedia Commons.

Timeline of Civil Service Reform

1871 - President Grant signs the first Congressional legislation creating civil service reform: The Civil Service Commission is created.

1874 - Congress fails to renew funding for the Civil Service Commission

1881 - President Garfield was shot and later died. Garfield was a vocal supporter of civil service reform.

1883 - President Arthur (Garfield's Vice President) lobbied Congress and harnessed mass public support for civil service reform. The result was the Pendleton Act (Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act) which resumed congressional funding for the Civil Service Commission. The requirement of civil service exams for government jobs limited the practice of political patronage.

1978 - President Jimmy Carter signs a bill ending the Civil Service Commission.

Almost 100 years later, congress reexamined the practices and structure of the Civil Service. In 1978, congress passed the Civil Service Reform Act replacing the Civil Service Commission with three new government agencies:

• Office of Personnel Management

• Federal Labor Relations Authority

• Merit Systems Protection Boar

Civil Service Commission

The Pendleton Civil Service Act authorized the creation of a three-member independent commission that functioned outside the Presidential Cabinet. The Civil Service Commission altered the process by which the multitudes of federal workers earned their jobs and were promoted.

Initially, 14 percent of federal jobs would be filled through an examination process rather than through the traditional political appointee system. The Pendleton Act also made it illegal to terminate or demote government officials for political justifications. The resulting merit-based system gradually became the basis for most federal hires.

Civil Service applicants completing applications through the Civil Service Commission - 1955, Library of Congress, Wikimedia Commons.

Civil Service and a Presidential Assassination

On July 2, 1881, President James Garfield was assassinated by Charles Guiteau, a disgruntled and mentally unstable office-seeker. Guiteau voted for Garfield and wanted to be appointed as a consul to Vienna. Garfield's plans to reform the spoils system and resume funding for the Civil Service Commission were publicly known. The assassin shot the president from behind in a Washington, D.C. train station. James Garfield died of a lingering infection from his wounds two months later on September 19, 1881. Guiteau was found guilty of murder and was sentenced to death by hanging.

An engraving of the assassination of James A. Garfield (centre right). Left of the President are Secretary of State Blaine and the assassin, Charles Guiteau is restrained on the left, Wikimedia Commons

Civil Service Examples

Civil Service jobs make up a large part of the U.S. Bureaucracy. Organized under the Executive Branch, there are more than two million civilian employees. There are three major categories of employees:

1. Senior Executive Service employees make up the senior leadership class of government agencies and are appointed or long-serving (career) workers.

2. The excepted services are workers not subject to civil service rules and include C.I.A., State Department, and F.B.I. positions that have a more efficient, internal hiring process.

3. The largest class is called the competitive service. These are civil service jobs that are open to all eligible applicants, selected on merit determined by tests and time in service.

Pay is determined by an adjusted table of service grades known as the Government Schedule or the "GS" scale. Ranging from GS 1 to GS 15 pay grades as of March 2022 vary from $20,172 to $146,757 depending upon the time in grade.

More than 19% of federal employees earn over $100,000 annually with the average federal worker's pay at $71,000 compared to $40,000 in the private sector (non-government employment).

The current process requires candidates to review job postings (vacancies) and determine if they meet the qualifications. Requirements can include time in GS grades, test completion, and educational achievements.

Civil Service Behaviors

Civil service tests are clearly posted and structured. As a result, the time it takes to post, schedule, administer, and hire new employees can be quite long. Obtaining a civil service job is often considered a good choice for job security and benefits.

With a variety of jobs and locations to choose from, many people are drawn to the assurance of a predictable and stable career path. Most civil service jobs offer competitive pay, health benefits, sick leave, a defined-benefit retirement plan (pension), and paid time off.