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When we're born, although we may need some assistance, generally, we know how to breathe. So surely that means some skills and abilities are innate and don't require us to learn these. The Baillargeon explanation of early infant abilities delves deeper into this.
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Sign up for freeHow did Baillargeon measure an infant’s ability in the violation of expectation paradigm?
Baillargeon created the violation of the expectation paradigm as a method to measure _______.
What does PRS stand for?
What reaction does an infant typically have when an expectation is violated?
Which are criticisms of Baillargeon's explanation of early infant abilities?
How did Baillargeon measure an infant’s ability in the violation of expectation paradigm?
Baillargeon created the violation of the expectation paradigm as a method to measure _______.
What does PRS stand for?
What reaction does an infant typically have when an expectation is violated?
Which are criticisms of Baillargeon's explanation of early infant abilities?
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Let's recap the definition of cognition and development in psychology and how this relates to the Baillargeon explanation of early infant abilities.
Cognition and development in psychology examine how an infant develops language, thinking, and reasoning. It also looks into how an infant processes new information, understands it and acquires information about the world.
Baillargeon's research highlights the role of nature factors rather than nurture factors in determining an infant's ability.
Baillargeon believes infants are born with a physical reasoning system (PRS).
PRS allows the basic ability to process the concept of the physical world without any environmental contributions.
Baillargeon believes humans are born with this hard-wired ability which continues to develop over time.
Baillargeon refers to an infant's understanding of the physical world as physical reasoning or object performance. From a few weeks of age, an infant has physical reasoning or object performance, recognising that an object exists even though it is not in sight.
Baillargeon suggests that an infant's understanding of the physical world and object knowledge is better than initially thought by other researchers such as Piaget.
Baillargeon developed ways of measuring early infant abilities by creating research methods to measure cognitive abilities in infants.
Young infants are limited in expressing their thoughts or understandings, which can limit the understanding of abilities of younger infants. Baillargeon aimed to address this and has contributed to understanding early infant abilities.
Some of the strengths of the theory are as follows:
Many studies have replicated the findings of Baillargeon. For example, studies have replicated findings that infants look longer at unexpected events, which indicates surprise and expectation to see objects. Such research aligns with BBaillargeon'sbelief that infants can understand concepts of an object existing without being present.
Baillargeon is credited with finding a way to measure infant ability (the time they spend looking at an event). In contrast, Piaget believed that infants' looking away in his studies indicated the infant no longer knew an object existed and did not consider factors such as losing attention.
Baillargeon believes that humans are born with physical reasoning abilities, which continue to develop over time. This belief is also consistent with what is known about other infant abilities, such as distance perception, which is also thought to be innate but developed over time.
Now let's move on to discuss the weaknesses of the theory.
A criticism of this is that an assumption is made about infant abilities in the physical world. Infants looking at the event where the object did not appear may not be a strong measure that the infants were expecting to see the object. Therefore, an infant's abilities in the physical world can be considered difficult to measure.
Baillargeon's explanation states that infants were born with the ability to process the concept of the physical world. However, research on newborns' abilities in the physical world is limited, thus questioning the theory's credibility.
The explanation ignores the role of the environment in an infant's development. Baillargeon'sexplanation does not consider factors such as the frequency with which an infant is exposed to various objects, how much he is moved, and parental style.
The explanation contrasts with Piaget'sexplanation of early infant abilities. Piaget believed that young infants are unaware that objects exist once they have left the visual field. The inconsistent views suggest low reliability.
In conclusion, Baillargeon's explanation of early infant abilities has contributed towards developmental psychology and has been considered a credible theory by some psychologists.
Despite criticisms of research and the theory, Baillargeon nonetheless invented research methods to measure early infant abilities and replicated her findings repeatedly.
Baillargeon introduced a concept referred to as the violation of expectation method to discover more about an infant's understanding of the physical world.
The violation of the expectation paradigm looks at the element of surprise as a way of measuring infant expectation and understanding.
In the violation of expectation research Baillargeon initially conducted, infants witness an event and are then exposed either to a possible or impossible event.
The researchers measured how surprised or whether they expected the event by measuring how long they looked at the event.
If a child expects something, they are less likely to look at it for a long time than when seeing something unexpected.
Fif. 1. The researchers investigated surprise at unexpected events by measuring the length of time looking at the event.
Baillargeon and Graber experimented with testing the paradigm involving a possible and impossible event.
The participants were shown recordings of possible and impossible events, and the researchers measured how long the infants looked at the events.
An example of a possible event is the tall rabbit can be seen passing behind the window because the rabbit is tall enough. The short rabbit cannot be seen passing because it is not tall enough.
And an example of an impossible event is neither rabbit passing the window.
The study found:
| Type of Event | Average Time Duration Infant Watched Event |
| Possible | 25.11 |
| Impossible | 33.07 |
The findings showed that infants looked at the unexpected event for a longer time, indicating that the infants expected to see the rabbits even when not in sight.
This demonstrates object performance and knowledge of the physical world, as they can understand that an object exists outside the visual field.
Other research on the violation of expectation has also replicated these findings using alternative possible vs impossible events, such as the drawbridge experiment.
This suggests the research has high reliability.
The criticisms are as follows:
Baillargeon explains that infants are born with an innate physical reasoning system.
Baillargeon invented a way of measuring physical reasoning abilities by measuring how long infants looked at impossible vs unexpected events through the violation of the expectation paradigm.
Baillargeon has supported her explanation through replicated findings in her research.
The explanation has critical issues, such as the lack of supporting research from other researchers and questions about how valid the amount of time infants spend looking at an event indicates their understanding.
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What is Baillargeon’s explanation of early infant abilities?
Baillargeon explains infants are born with an innate physical reasoning system and have object performance abilities. Baillargeon believes these abilities develop through experience. Baillargeon also believes infants can identify an impossible event related to physical reasoning, demonstrated in the violation of expectation paradigm research.
What is cognition and development psychology?
Cognition and development in psychology look into how an infant develops language, thinking, and reasoning. It also looks into how an infant processes new information understands, and acquires information into the world. Theories and research around cognition and development in psychology can help understand infant abilities and apply this practice, i.e., into schools, parenting, and detecting developmental issues.
Explain violation of expectation paradigm.
Baillargeon created the violation of the expectation paradigm as a method to measure early infant abilities. The paradigm looks at how surprised an infant is when responding to a possible vs impossible event to measure cognitive abilities such as object performance.
What happens when expectations are violated?
When expectations are violated, an unexpected or impossible event surprises the infant. An infant’s surprise is measured by how long they look at the unexpected event. According to the violation of expectation paradigm, infants should look at an event for a longer time when expectations are violated.
What is an assumption of violation of expectation paradigms?
An assumption is that when an infant sees a violation of expectation (an unexpected or impossible event), they are surprised because it differs from the expected event, which they understand.
What is an example of violation of expectation?
An example of a violation of expectation is an infant first seeing an event, such as a miniature train going through a tunnel. Then, an impossible or unexpected event follows, such as the train not going through the tunnel in the next event, violating the expectations learned in the first event.
Which study uses the violation of expectation paradigm?
Baillargeon conducted several studies around the violation of expectation paradigm. Another study was conducted in 1994, where infants were shown a possible and impossible event.
The infants were first shown two dolls behind a screen. After covering the screen and removing the cover, three dolls were revealed (impossible event) or two dolls (possible event). Infants looked at this event for longer, demonstrating they were surprised to see three dolls.
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