Social Development in Adulthood

Definition of Social Development in Adulthood

Social development in adulthood is primarily shaped by life events, rather than age and physical development like it is for kids and teens. While adulthood can be viewed in stages, they are not strict stages. The characteristics of each stage do not fade away over time. Intimacy may be a concern of older adults even if they are primarily concerned with generativity.

There is an established norm within every culture regarding the timing of social events. This is referred to as the social clock. Overall, the social clock in American culture has become far less rigid, but feeling out of sync with it can cause emotional distress in adulthood.

Fig. 1 Social clock, freepik.com

Stages of Social Development in Adulthood

According to Erik Erikson’s "psychosocial stages of development", there are three stages of social development that occur during young, middle, and older adulthood. Those stages are:

• Intimacy vs Isolation (19 to 40 years): Adults begin to focus on building stronger relationships and pursuing romantic partners. Forming more intimate and loving connections is a primary goal.

• Generativity vs Stagnation (40 to 65 years): Adults at this age are concerned with building their careers, raising children, and engaging in other activities. They are also concerned with caring for others and finding ways to make the world a better place.

• Integrity vs Despair (65 to death): Adults begin to reflect on their life and either feel ashamed of past mistakes, satisfied with their life, or a mixture of both.

Stages of Career Development

From childhood to the mid-20s, people experience a growth stage in career interests. We begin to form ideas about what types of jobs we might like or dislike. During the exploration stage, we begin to actively pursue a career through education and training. In the mid-20s to mid-40s, people may reach the established stage where they begin to feel settled and stable in their careers, and feel as if they are making a difference. Eventually, many people enter a maintenance stage and become even more comfortable and stable in their careers. Finally, as people begin to feel less invested in their work, they enter a decline stage and retire.

Characteristics of Social Development in Adulthood

The two primary social development characteristics in adulthood are intimacy and generativity.

Intimacy

Early and emerging adulthood is the point at which we begin to deeply desire and actively pursue close and intimate relationships. Intimacy is the process of feeling appreciated, understood, and cared for by someone else, and causing someone else to feel that way through sharing personal thoughts and feelings with one another.

When adult relationships include similar interests and values, intimate self-disclosure, and emotional support, they are the most satisfying kind of relationship and often the most enduring. Intimacy during adulthood can take the form of dating, cohabitating, marriage, partnerships, friendships, and co-parenting. We start to form our own families: blood-related or otherwise. Although adults often have far fewer friendships than in earlier stages of life, they are still much happier when they are not left alone.

Generativity

Finding a job and a career is another primary characteristic of social development in adulthood. A person's job can give them a greater sense of generativity or meaningful productivity, another important goal in middle adulthood (40 to 65 years).

We all want to make our mark on the world. This is especially true for adults who want to have something to pass down to later generations. A mother passes down the secret recipe for her famous chili. A father teaches his daughter how to change a tire. A teacher passes along knowledge to hundreds of students over the years. A counselor invests in helping people through the hardest times in their lives.

If you ask an adult to tell you who they are, they will probably talk about what they do for work. Careers provide adults a way to earn a living, structure their lives, and increase social interactions. A person’s job or career is a major part of their identity. A job that fits a person’s interests and gives them a sense of accomplishment is often a significant source of happiness.

Factors Affecting Social Development in Adulthood

As previously mentioned, major life events play a huge role in social development in adulthood. Several stages in life such as getting married, having children, buying a home, becoming grandparents, and other events and crises shape the social life of an adult.

Marriage

Marriage and long-term partnership are commonly the most significant bond in an adult's life. In Western culture, people tend to marry for love, and 95 percent of Americans are either married or want to be. Marriage is a predictor of happiness, physical and mental health, income level, and sexual satisfaction in adulthood. Other studies have found that crime rates are lower in neighborhoods with high marriage rates.

Fig. 2 Love and marriage, pixabay.com

Recently, more people are choosing to live together before marriage and/or not to marry than in previous generations. Divorce rates are known to be higher for couples who live together before marriage, but divorce rates have started to level out and even decline compared to previous generations. This may be because people are more educated and marry later in life than in the past, which are two factors that can increase the odds of a lasting marriage. Still, around 1/3 of the adult American population never marries.

Children

For most people, having a child is a happy event and the outcome of a love relationship. It is a major life change but one that can add more meaning and joy to a person's life. Raising children, however, is incredibly challenging. Children take up a lot of time, emotional energy, and money, and they add additional stress to an adult's life. One of the goals of adulthood is for a person to feel like they left their mark. In many ways, children serve as a way for people to pass down their legacy.

Midlife Crisis

For many people, the first thing that comes to mind when you hear the phrase "midlife crisis" is a 40-year-old male who is deeply unhappy with his life and decides to quit his job, buy a $100,000 car, and travel the world. However, the idea that reaching the age of middle adulthood triggers deep dissatisfaction and initiates a crisis in a person's life is largely a myth.

Unhappiness, marital dissatisfaction, and job dissatisfaction are triggered by life events, not age. A crisis can happen at any point in life. Random events can change your life in a moment, such as the loss of a spouse, child, or job. You could have a mid-life crisis or a mid-20s crisis (known as a quarter-life crisis). There is no evidence to show that people are more unhappy in late adulthood than in other stages of life.

As a person approaches late adulthood, they begin to reflect on their life and determine if they have met their goals. Some may say they wished they worked harder, got a better education, or told their parents they loved them more often. Several factors can affect social development in late adulthood as these thoughts emerge. Older adults become empty nesters, enter into retirement, become grandparents, and begin to face the ever-approaching reality of death and dying.

Empty Nesters

After having a child, especially a firstborn child, adults experience high levels of satisfaction within their marriage. However, as time goes by, the child-rearing years can become more stressful. Eventually, that glorious day comes when all the children have grown up and left the house. Well, it is glorious for some parents. Others find it a very difficult transition.

As empty-nesters, many adults see a spike in marital satisfaction and, contrary to popular belief, do not always experience a crisis or become depressed once their children leave home. Couples can maintain meaningful relationships with their grown children, while also focusing more on exploring activities and spending time with one another.

Fig. 3 Older adults, pikwizard.com

Retirement

For older adults (65+), generativity becomes less important, and eventually, they decide to retire. However, retirement can affect older adults in many different ways. People in retirement may miss their jobs, especially if they have strong work values. They may become depressed, inactive, and generally unhappy with life.

Several factors can influence a person's decision to retire. Physical health and family relationships often play a large role. Unfortunately, retirement is not something everyone can choose. Some may be forced to retire from their job, and some may feel obligated to keep working due to socioeconomic concerns. Either situation can impact a person's well-being in older adulthood. Others may experience a decline in physical or mental health, which influences the decision to retire.

Death and Dying

One important part of older adulthood is an increasing number of encounters with the reality of death. Older adults have likely experienced the loss of parents, relatives, and friends. Many learn from their experiences with death and use it to be more open to life and find a sense of meaningfulness in their own lives.

For others, the grief of so much loss can be overwhelming. It plays a large role in shaping the social development of an adult, especially if there is a sudden loss. Erikson noted that the crisis older adults face is integrity vs despair. Older adults either feel content with their life, if many of their goals at earlier stages were accomplished, or feel regret and despair. Their time is almost up and they didn't accomplish everything they planned to do.

Examples of Social Development in Adulthood

Social development in adulthood is typically more mellow than in the early stages of life. The highs aren't so high and the lows aren't so low. Brain scans show that the amygdala, responsible for processing emotion in the brain, is less reactive to negative events in older adults.

Additionally, people generally become more accepting of life events with age, and their self-esteem becomes more stable. As adults age, they may experience fewer problems in their relationships. Dramatic breakups and friendship drama become less common later in adulthood. On the other hand, it can be more difficult to meet new people and maintain friendships in adulthood.