Charles Darwin

Charles Darwin: Biography

Charles Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England, on February 12th, 1809. He is often called a naturalist, a geologist, and history’s most outstanding biologist. However, perhaps following in the footsteps of his physician father, Darwin began his university studies in the medical field at the University of Edinburgh. He did not find a natural affinity for medical studies and never acclimated to the sight of blood. He went on to study theology at the University of Cambridge and developed a keen interest in natural history.

After completing his studies, a former college professor recommended Darwin for a position on board the British Royal Navy ship, the HMS Beagle. He was accepted as a naturalist (an expert on natural history). The ship embarked in December 1931 and was tasked with charting the harbors of South America. Darwin was to collect samples of fossils, rocks, plants, and animals. He collected specimens and sent them back to England.

Fig. 1 - A marble statue of Charles Darwin.

Darwin spent five years traveling with the HMS Beagle, researching and collecting samples from Chile, Brazil, Argentina, and the Galápagos Islands. It was in this last location that Darwin made significant observations that would greatly influence the scientific community.

Darwin returned to England in 1836. In 1839, he married Emma Wedgwood, and the couple went on to have ten children together. Darwin continued the study and analysis of specimens that he started on the HMS Beagle. His samples and subsequent work and writings would forever change the worlds of science, politics, and literature.

Darwin’s work made him a celebrity in his time. He was honored with the Royal Medal, the Copley Medal, and the Wollaston Medal for scientific achievements. By his death in April of 1882, he was so celebrated and respected by the public that he was given a full ceremonial burial in Westminster Abbey, despite being an agnostic.

Charles Darwin: Theory

Darwin collected fossils throughout the length of his journey on the HMS Beagle. When he returned to England, he shared these with geologists and paleontologists. His samples and findings led to new understandings of the Earth’s surface and the processes that shape it.

Drawing from samples he gathered, Darwin also theorized how animals and plants form and change over time. This led to one of his most significant theories, natural selection.

Fig. 2 - Outdoor installation art depicting human evolution.

Charles Darwin: Theory of Evolution

Darwin detailed his theory of evolution in his famous work, On the Origin of the Species, published in 1859. Darwin’s theory of evolution grew out of his theory of natural selection.

Darwin proposed that evolution occurs because of natural selection, which is why he is a Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. Today, this theory is often referred to simply as Darwinism.

This is why Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection is often referred to as the survival of the fittest. Those most suited to withstand the challenges of their environment will survive. The peppered moths that blend in with the tree bark are theoretically more fit, so they survive. Just like the Galapagos finches with larger beaks were fitter to withstand the drought.

Darwin contributed to how we understand the world and influenced the work of biologists, geologists, paleontologists, political theorists, and religious scholars. His theory of evolution would also have a significant impact on the field of psychology.

Charles Darwin: Contribution to Psychology

Darwin’s research and writing provides the foundation of the field of Evolutionary psychology.

Evolutionary psychology looks at human cognition, emotion, and behavior from the perspective of evolutionary biology. Evolutionary biology is responsible for the survival of the peppered moths with better-camouflaged patches and the finches with the bigger beaks. These features make these species more likely to survive. Likewise, we can view certain behaviors or cognitive traits as making us more successful in thriving.

Evolutionary psychologists believe that certain instincts and behaviors have allowed our species to adapt to changing environments. This has allowed us to survive, live better lives, and evolve throughout time. Evolutionary psychologists believe that our ancestors passed down the psychological and cognitive advantages that helped them survive. This was passed from generation to generation as we evolved as a species.

Language is an example of how our species has adapted to the challenges of a changing environment. The ability to communicate in complex and nuanced ways became beneficial for our species to survive and thrive.

Charles Darwin: Quotes

The following quote, attributed to Darwin’s On the Origin of the Species, sums up his evolutionary theory quite nicely.

When we think of the term “survival of the fittest,” we might assume it refers to strength or power. However, Darwin’s fitness is not about muscle but adaptability. You might think of it more as fitting in (to the environment) than to a level of physical fitness.

Darwin’s studies fostered a deep humanism and compassion in him. This can be seen throughout much of his writing, including these few excerpts from The Descent of Man and The Voyage of the Beagle, which seem to scorn prejudice and inequality.